Study design dot point 1

Question 1

Enzymes

Answer 1

Organic catalysts lower the activation energy of reactions to increase the rate of chemical reactions.

Question 2

Substrate

Answer 2

Rectant of an enzyme facilated reaction

Question 3

Catalyst

Answer 3

molecules that speed up a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanante chemical change

Question 4

Active site

a

Answer 4

substrate binding site which the substrate’s shape is complemenary to

Question 5

What happens if the substrate is increased

Answer 5

the enzymefacilated reaction RATE speeds upbecause the substrate with outcompete the competiive inhibotr to bind to te active siteof the enzyeme

Question 6

How do enzymes catalyse reaction

Answer 6

Enzymes reduce activation energy to increasetherate of reaction(catalyse reactions)

Question 7

Enzyme inhibiton

Answer 7

When an enzyme is prevented from catalysing a chemical reaction

Question 8

hOWt does competitive inhibition differ from non competiitve inhibition

Answer 8

Competitive inhibition is when the active site is blocked by inhibitiors

Whereas, non compeitive inhibtiors change the shape of the active site by binding toan allostraic site.

Question 9

An example of compeitiveinhibiton

Answer 9

An example of a competitive inhibitor is cyanide as cyanide disrupts cellular respiration by preventing the substrate from binding to the active site.

Question 10

allosteric site.

Answer 10

a regulatory site on a protein that allows molecules to either activate, inhibit, or turn off, enzyme activity

Question 11

allosteric site. vs active site

Answer 11

The active site’s shape is complementary to the substrate’s shape, allowing them to fit together like a lock and key. Whereas, an allosteric site is a regulatory site on a protein that can affect enzyme activity by activating, inhibiting or turning off enzyme activity

Question 12

Why is it advantageous the cell to inhibit a biochemical pathway

Answer 12

It is advantageous for the cell to inhibit a biochemical pathway because this results in the regulation the activity of enzymes, allowing for precise control over metabolic processes

Question 13

How do enzymes work

Answer 13

enzymes work by reducing the activation energy, thereby increasing the rate of reaction

Question 14

8 features of enzyesm

Answer 14

1.reusable-not broken down during the chemical reaction

2.specifci meaning enzymes are compememnatary to usually one active site.

3.reversibe-

4. enzymes speed up(catalayse) reactions by lowering theactivation energy of a reaciton but dont create new reactions
5. Most enzymes Are proteins, but some RNA molecules are capable of acting like proteins
6. Are a subset of a catalyst-
7. act on an entire biochemical pathway
8. Enzymes are typically seen above the arrow in chemical reactions

Question 15

How does temperature affect enzyme reactions?–be able to answer both less makr questions nad high mark questions

Answer 15

,At low temperatures kinetic energy is low, therefore fewer and slower collisions between enzymes andsubstrate, causing become enzymes to become inactive and to perform poorly.

Whereas, as temperatures increase,kinetic energy is very high n collisons between enzymes and the substrate, resulting in enzynmme denature

This results ina conformational change inthe active siteof the enzyme, causign thesubstrate to no longer fit

and the rate of reaction will drop to optimal temperature.

Question 16

WHat temperature do enzymes perform the most effiectvely

Answer 16

37 degress celsius

Question 17

Anabolic reaction

Answer 17

reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules

Question 18

Catabolic reactions

Answer 18

reaciton that breaks down larger molecules into smaller moleculees.

Question 19

How does PH affect enzyme reactions?

Answer 19

PH affects enzyme reactions bc Each enzyme has an optimum pH range, therefore Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity.

Additonally,Extreme low/high pH values can cause enzymes to denature.

Question 20

How do enzyme concentration affection reaction rates

Answer 20

Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to the active site.

Whereas, decreasing enzyme concentration will decrease the rate of reaction as there is less enzymes for the substrate bind to.

Question 21

Whathappenswhent
the active site isfull

Answer 21

Equiblrim will be reached when the active site is ful wich is called the saturation point resulting in a reaction plateau

Question 22

What is the differnece between denaturation and inactivation

Answer 22

denaturation involves a change in the enzyme’s structure and is irreversible. Whereas, inactivation involves a loss of catalytic activity without necessarily altering the enzyme’s structure and is also irreversible.

Question 23

Difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions

Answer 23

anabolic reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules eg.photosythneiss, whereas catabolic reactions are reactions that break downlargemolecuesinto smaller molecules eg. carbs brokendown into glucose by amylase

Question 24

How is digestion a catabolic reaction

Answer 24

large molecules of food are broken down via chemical or mechnanicalmethods

Question 25

How isphotosyhtnexssi a anabolic reaction

Answer 25

carbon dioxide and water are used to build glucose

Question 26

compare competitive and non-competitive inhibition

Answer 26

A competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme. Whereas, A noncompetitive inhibitor binds at a site distinct from the active site

Question 27

explain how increasing substrate concentration can distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 27

1site,increasing substrate concentration cause substrateto outcompete the compeitive inhibitor to bind totheactive site oftheenzyme enzyme.

However, noncompetitiveinhibitors cannot be outcompeted to bind to the activesite enzyme because they alter the shape of active site onan allosteric site to fit to thesubstrate.

Question 28

explain how decreasing substrate concentration can distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 28

As the substrateand competitive inhibitor compete for space on the active site,decreasing substrate concentration will increase theavaliabity forthe competitive inhibitor to bind to the active site. Therefore, the compeitive inhibitor will outcompetee the substrate to bind tothe enzyme.

WWheras,decreasingsubstrateconcentrationwillnot affect the noncomeptiiveinhibtior as noncompetitiveinhibitors willnot outcoompete thesubrate to bind to the activesite enzyme because they alter the shape of active site onan allosteric site to fit to thesubstrate.

Question 29

Why do we vomit, in terms of enamel, sensitivity, PH, enzymes and tooth sensitivity.

Answer 29

Vomit occurs in order to get rid of any harmful substances or undigested material from
the body. It contains gastric acid as well as proteolytic enzymes which causes enamel
erosion and thus tooth sensitive

Question 30

High temperatures are dangerous for enzymes because

Answer 30

it results in denaturation of enzymes

Question 31

Compare PH levels of neutral, acidifc and alkaline

Answer 31

1-6=acidic
7-neutral
8-14-basic/alkaline

Question 32

What does PH stand for

Answer 32

potential of hydrogen

Question 33

Proteom what is andhow is it created

Answer 33

the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism and are created

Question 34

When a substrate binds to an enzyme’s active site, together they form a

Answer 34

enzyme substrate complex

Question 35

What is a conformational change and when does it occur

Answer 35

a conformational change is a change in the shape of a protein molecule often induced by environmental factors. It occurs upon binding of the substrate and the active site.

Question 36

exergonic reaction

Answer 36

chemical reaction that releases energy

Question 37

endergonic reaction

Answer 37

a chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Question 38

what kind of chemical reaction compare between anabolic and catabolic reactions

Answer 38

Catabolic reactions are exergonic, whereas all anabolic reactions are endergonic.

Question 39

Why does an exergonic reaction require activation energy?

Answer 39

activation energy is required to initiate an exergonic reaction

Question 40

When molecules cant absorb enough chemical energy because activation energy is high, what can be done to create a chemical reaction

Answer 40

1.add energy

2. lower activation energy

Question 41

Why does lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to take place?

Answer 41

Lowering activation energy means that less energy is required for the reactions to reach the transition state at which old bonds break and new bonds form for achemical reaction to occur

Question 42

Anabolic reactions require lots of activation energy, how is this large quantity of activation energy produced

Answer 42

A cell must couple a catabolic, exergonic reaction with an anabolic, endergonic reaction.

Question 43

affinity

Answer 43

the attraction between the active site and the substrate

Question 44

How doesthe substrate bind to the active site for catabolic reactions

Answer 44

substrate binds to the active site because it is almost complemenatry. Then,uponbinding the enzyme changes shape, which stresses the bonds in the substrate helping to catabolise into 2 products.

Question 45

How does thesubstrate bind to the active site during anabolic reactions

Answer 45

substrate binds to the active site because it is almost complemenatry. Then upon binding, the enzyme changes shape making it easier for a bond to form between them to ultimately create a product.

Question 46

In an exthoermic reaction the energyof the products is

Answer 46

lower than energy of the reactants

Question 47

In an endothermic reaction,the energy of the products is

Answer 47

higher than the energy of thereactants

Question 48

Intercelluar enzymes

Answer 48

enzymesthat perofmr their functions inside of thecell

Question 49

extracelluar enzymes

Answer 49

enzymes that perfomrtheir functions otuside of the cell

Question 50

Zymogen

Answer 50

proteins that contain an inactive enzyme that functions to enable the production of inactive enzymes within the cell that are not activated until after they are secreted

Question 51

How do enzymes work

Answer 51

Enzymes lower activation energy requiredfor thechemical reaction to take pace

Question 52

How do enzymes differ from catalysts

Answer 52

enzymes are a type of biological catalystthat speedsup chemical reactionswithin living organisms

Question 53

What is the activation energy?

Answer 53

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to energise atoms or molecules to state where thye cna undergoe a chemicalreaction.

Question 54

How do certain enzymes not work until they reach their intended location and whatare these called

Answer 54

zymogens do not work until theyreahc their intedned location as they are not yet activated

Vesicles also prevent damaged from the cell occuring bypreventing a chemicalreaction from occurring

Question 55

Biochemical pathway

Answer 55

a step by step series of interconnected biochemical reactions in which each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Question 56

saturation point

Answer 56

no more solute will dissolve in the solve

Question 57

why can noncompetitive inhibitors not be outcompeted by the enzyme to bind to the substrate

Answer 57

it is because non-comp inhibitors do not bind to the active site and instead
binds to an allosteric site of the enzyme causing a change in the conformation of the active site
and thus, is irreversible

Question 58

how does concentaton affect enyzme affecitng not inrefernce to competiive inhibtior

Answer 58

morecollisons **look at the introductoon of sac poster its there