mostly about factors affecitngenzymes

Question 1

What 6 factors affect enzymes

Answer 1

1. Temperature
   2.PH
   3.Noncompetiive inhibiton
   4.concentration
   5.competiive inhibiton
   6.coenzymes

Question 2

How are enzymes affected by cold temperautres

Answer 2

asthere is less kinetic energy, substrate molecules to to moveslower and collide less freuqnetly, resulting in enzymes expeirnece freezing & little to no activity.

Question 3

How are enzymes affected by optimal temperautres

Answer 3

Optimaltemperatures cause enzymes to have greater kineticenergy and collide with eachtoher more frequently, allowing for more enzyme substrate complexs toform

Question 4

How are enzymes affected by hot temperautres

Answer 4

Enzymes are affectedby hot temperatures:

1.Enzymes denature due tohigh temperatures kinetic energy is very high n collisons, between enzymes and the substrate.

2.This results ina conformational change inthe active siteof the enzyme, causign thesubstrate to no longer fit

3. the rate of reaction will drop rapidly after reaching optimal temperature

Question 5

What happens toanenzymewhen PH becomes tooacidic or alkaline

Answer 5

enzymes denature

Question 6

How does increaisng substrateconcentration affect enzyesm

Answer 6

Initally. rate of reaction increases

then due tohigh kinetic energy levels, the number of collisons will increase between enzyme and the substrate, greater enzyme substrate complexes form

eventually, so much ofthesubstrate binds withtheactivesite thatall theactive site onthe enzyme will become saturated, resulting inthe rate of reaction plateau

Question 7

Ifsubstrate concentration islow, how areenzymes affected

(also means enzymecocenntrationis higher)

Answer 7

The chemical reactiowill occur morerapidly because more enzyme molecues arepresent, reuslting in more active sitesto be avablaible for substrateto bind to.

However, once enzymes reachtheir saturation point,the point of reaction will plateau

Question 8

when does compeititve inhibiton occur

Question 9

How does competitive inhibition cause no reaction to occur

Answer 9

inhibitor molecule binds to the active site and blocks the active site. Asa rsult, the enzyme becomes saturated with substrate.

Question 10

Why does a competiitve inhibitor have a shape complemeatnary to the substrate

Answer 10

to block the active site

Question 11

Whendoes non comepetiive inhibition(also known as allosteric inhibition)occurs when

Answer 11

occurs whenn an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at(an allostericsite)

Question 12

howdoesa conformational change occur

Answer 12

occurs whenn an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than theactive site(an allostericsite)

Question 13

Function of a conformationalchange in active site

Answer 13

conformationall change prevents thesubstratefrom binding totheactive site, ulitmately preventing the reaction from occurring

Question 14

What do coenzymesdo during a chemical reaction

Answer 14

During the reaction, the coenzymes bind to the active site, donates energy or molecules, and then cannot immediately reused

Question 15

What do coenzymes do after a reaction

Answer 15

the coenzymes leave the enzyme and are receycledafter accepting more energy, so that it can assistinmore reactions

Question 16

explain the crucial processfor biochemicalpathwya knwon as cycling of co enzymes

Answer 16

1.During the reaction, the coenzymes bind to the active site, donate energy or molecules, and then cannot immediately reused

2.the coenzymes leave the enzyme and are recycled after accepting more energy so that it can assist in more reactions

Question 17

Cofactor

Answer 17

a molecule that assists in enzyme functioning

some enzymes require assistance fm a cofactor

Question 18

How are the coenzymes a subset to a cofactor

Answer 18

the coenzymes leave the enzyme and are receycledafter accepting more energy, so that it can assistinmore reactions

Question 19

EXMAPLE of a coenzyme

Answer 19

B vitamins AS They catalyse the celluar physiological chemical reactions

Question 20

compare how heat, PH affectenzymes

Answer 20

high heat causesenzymesto denature, however low heat has no affect on enzymes

Extreme high or low PH cause enzymedneaturation

Question 21

What is the lock and key module-3 marks

Answer 21

The lock refers to the active site, whilst the key refers to the substrate both of which are complementary to each other, therefore together like a lock and key. The binding of the lock and key results in a series of chemical reacts.

Question 22

Why may the lock and key model not becorrect(argueagainst)

Answer 22

The lock andkey model is unrealisitic because it is unlikely that the substrate and active site have anexact complementary shape

Question 23

What is the induced fit model

Answer 23

l states a substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for catalysis

Question 24

compare the lock and key model to the induced fit model

Answer 24

Lock and key modelstates that the active site and substrate which act asthe lock and key are permantely shapedcomplementary to eachother, whereas the induced fit modelstates thatthe substrate and active site are of a similar shape, andtherefore mold shape to becomecomplementary prior to binding.

Question 25

Denaturation define

Answer 25

breaking down of the bonds of proteins and acids

Question 26

Compare enzyme acitvity at differnettemperatues

Answer 26

increasing temp- -denaturation due to veryhigh kineticenergy causing frequent and lots of collisons between substrate and enzymeresulting in enzyme losing itsshape, ultimately decreaisng reaction rate

decreasing temp- means that theres lesschance of reaction occuring because low kineticenergy causing less frequent and fewercolllisions between substraete nad enzymes to become inactive and decreases enzyme activity.

Optiumtemp- high amount of collisions  peak for the activity

Question 27

A graph shows enzyme activity rapidly dcreaisng after enzyme activitylevles hit their peak(optiumtemp),

Isthis drop occuring because there is a dcereasein kinetic energy levels after optiumtemperatures have peaked

Answer 27

No,This rapid decrease of enzyme activity is occurring after optium tmperatures have been reached becuase due to the high temp of optium temperatureshave been reached, there is highkinetic energy levels and collisionsbetween thesubstrate andthe enzyme.

The reason that thid decrease in enzyem acitivty is occuring is bc denaturation of eznyme becauseof the breaking down of hydrogen bondsafteroptium temperatures.

Question 28

activation energy is the energy required by the reactants to break and form new bonds in order to form the products
1. why is the activation energy formula (energy level at top - energy of reactants)… refer to the definition while answering the question

Answer 28

the activation energy is the amount of “extra” energy required for the reactants to start forming. therefore, the energy at the transition point equals energy of the reactants + the energy “added” (i.e. Ea). therefore, the formula to calculate the Ea is to subtract the reactants energy from the total energy at the peak
Ea = activation energy

Question 29

draw endothermic graph
1. x axis
2. y axis
3. label the reactants, products, activation energy, transition point and whether energy is released or absorbed
4. reactants = NaOH + CaCO3
5. also show the formula of the products

Question 30

draw biochemical pathways initial reactant
product a
product b
product c
final product
define biochemical pathway

Question 31

conenzyme

Answer 31

organic compounds required by many enzymes for catalytic activity.

Question 32

why are coenzymes important

Answer 32

Coenzymes are important as they will help assist enzymes in the catalysis of a chemical reaction

Question 33

What could be a reason as to why coenzymes are created/why are they needed

Answer 33

1 As enzymes catalyse reactions, the requirement of the cofactor enables the enzymes to not work even if substrate is present. When there is a requirement then the coenzyme can help assist the enzyme to perform its function

Question 34

How does temperatue affect enzymes

Answer 34

talk abt the 3, highlow anddenature

exceeds optimal temperature,s bonds brean so denzyme denatures and therefore the substrate cannot fit into the activesite of the enzyme anymore,therefore thereaction rate decreases rapidly

Question 35

why do extreme PH cause enzymes to denature

Answer 35

As enzymes are proteins, they tend to lose hydrogen ions in basic environment and gain hydrogen ions in acidic environment. This alters the chemical composition and causes denaturation and thus the bonds that make up the tertiary structure of the enzymes break

therfore, the subtsarte cannot bind to the activesiteof theenzymesand utlitmeatly thereaction rate decreases.

Question 36

What happens to the rate of reaction as the enzyme concentration increases (explain)

Answer 36

the rate of reaction increases as the enzyme concentration increases as there are more enzymes to bind to the substrates

Question 37

too much substarteforenzyme 100 vs 1000

Answer 37

When the concentration of enzymes is kept constant, but the concentration of substrate is increased the increased amounts of substrate will initially result in an increased rate of reaction until all the enzyme molecules are working at their maximum capacity and cannot work any faster – this is known as the saturation point and after that, there will be a plateau and increasing substrate concentration will not affect the rate of reaction anymore

Question 38

explain enzymeacitivty after optium temperature

Answer 38

after reaching optiumtemperature enzymes denature,causing the hydrogen bondsto break preventing enzyme sustrate complex fromforming and ulitmately, decreasing enzyme activity

Question 39

3 marks-
dicuss the general theroy of enzymes

Answer 39

The theory of enzymes is that that active site, which acts as th lockof the Enzymes are complementary to a substrate, which acts as the keyto allow them to fit into each other like a lock and key, forming an enzyme substrate complex, to catalyse chemical reactions.

Question 40

how do enyzmes digest substbates

Answer 40

Enzymes are able to digest the substrate, as once the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, the enzyme helps break down the substrate into smaller molecules.

Question 41

what is the role of catalyase in biological systems.

Answer 41

Enzymes, as biological catalysts, speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy for the reactions to take place.

As a result, biological systems such as metabolism and cellular processes are able to occur as a faster and more efficient rate.

Question 42

In theory, how will hydrogen perioxide concentation affect enzyme activity/rate of O2 production