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Epi Final > Study design > Flashcards

Study design Flashcards

1
Q

observational vs experimental study

A

researcher observes exposure vs assigns it

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2
Q

Descriptive studies measure…

A

what, association, not causality

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3
Q

Case report/series

A

Detailed report on a patient/group and their cases. Simple description without comparison group.

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4
Q

Case report/series are good for?

cons?

A

generating hypothesis

maybe biased selection

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5
Q

Cross sectional studies are?

A

a survey/measure of one point in time

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6
Q

Cross sectional studies pros/cons

A

pros: can look at specific population of interest
cons: potential bias if people choose not to participate

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7
Q

Ecological studies study what?

A

Groups, not individuals

trends over time

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8
Q

Ecological studies pros/cons

A

pros: good for hypothesis generating, uses available data (no gathering)
cons: correlation does not equal causation (cant link risk factors to disease)

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9
Q

Observational analytical studies study what?

A

compares groups but researcher has no control over assignment

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10
Q

Cross-sectional analytical studies measure?

A

prevalence

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11
Q

strength of cross-sectional analytical studies? Cons?

A

Can look at specific population prevalence

Cons: not for rare/short lasting diseases, cannot determine temporal relationship between risk factors and disease onset

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12
Q

What is a case-control study how done? What data obtained?

A

ID subjects by outcome at the beginning of study, control group from same exposure but no outcome. Data about exposure to a risk factor. Is retrospective–outcome already known, and is observational–no intervention.

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13
Q

Case control vs cohort study?

A

IN cohort, take exposed and non-exposed group and follow until disease occurs, compare incidence. Prospective (from present to future). Can also be retro- and bi-directional.

In Case-control. Take diseased and non-diseased and compare odds of exposure/prevalence between groups. Retrospective (from outcome back)

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14
Q

Case-control good for?

Bad for?

A

good for rare and long diseases

subject to bias, incidence can’t be calculated bc you are selecting groups, temporal relationship between exposure and disease not clear.

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15
Q

Cohort studies pros

cons

A

Can establish timing, assess causality
Can standardize selection
Can calculate rates/incidence
Good for rare exposures

Potential unknown confounders
exposure status and follow-up success may change

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16
Q

Randomized control trial considered the ____ standard?

A

gold

17
Q

RCT design…participants assigned to?

participants assigned how?

Only expected difference between groups is

A

experimental or placebo group

randomly

the outcome variable being studied

18
Q

RCT pros cons

A

PROS
randomization, blinding possible
statistical analysis possible

CONS
expensive
volunteer bias
ethics

19
Q

RCT groupings…
parallel

split groups

crossover

A

parallel - subject remains in same group for entire study

split - subject recieves at least 2 diff treatments to separate areas of mouth

crossover - 2+ treatments in sequence, can serve as own control

20
Q

IRB ensures compliance with

A

institutional, state, fed regs

21
Q

Rate limiting step in RCT?

A

recruit of subjects

22
Q

Eligibility criteria helps determine what about results?

A

who results can be applied to

23
Q

Statistical analysis should be planned when? Analysis done at…

A

in advance of procedures; predetermined time points

24
Q

Results form systematic reviews can be generalized more/less broadly than individual studies? More/less accurate

A

MORE

MORE

25
Q

Meta-analysis does what?

A

combines data from several studies to improve statistial power

26
Q

Meta-analyses of what studies creates highest level evidence/

A

of RTCs

27
Q

what report provides ethical framework for human studies?

A

Belmont

28
Q

What 3 things are under the Basic Ethical Principles heading of Belmont?

A

Respect for Persons
Benificence
Justice

29
Q

What 3 things are under the Applications?

A

Informed Consent
Assessment of Risks and Benefits
Selection of Subjects

30
Q

Who are “vulnerable populations”

A 
Children
Pregnant Women
Fetuses
Neonates
Prisoners

Epi Final (5 decks)

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