Study Beginning of Package to end of carbohydrates part Flashcards
Name the 4 biological molecules
Protein
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Life On earth is…..
prolly not on test
Carbon Based
_____ is the study of chemicals of life
_____ is the study of carbon compounds
Biochemistry
Organic Chemistry
How many available covalent bonds does Carbon have
4
Can carbon form strong bonds with itself?
Yes; it allows the formation of long carbon chains, which can be straight or branched with many combinations
What’s another name for a polymer, and what is it
Macromolecule, it is a large molecule formed from repeating subunits of smaller molecules
What are proteins, DNA, and starch
Polymers
Try explaining Dehydration Synthesis
Notes for it:
-this process forms large molecules from small molecules
-in process, water is produced as a byproduct. It’s also how two amino acids form a dipeptide
Read Notes
Hydro=_____
Lysis=_____
Water
Split
What is Hydrolysis
- Opposite reaction to dehydration synthesis. Water breaks up another molecule
- Read Notes for more
What are the unit molecule of proteins
Amino Acids
What is Polymerization
It’s how a chain of amino acids is linked together to form a protein
_____ amino acids linked together is called a dipeptide
Two
Proteins are usually at least __-__ amino acids/peptides long
Chains greater then two amino acids long are called ____
50-75
polypeptides
How Many levels of Protein Structure
Primary-1
Secondary-2
Tertiary-3
Quaternary-4
Explain Primary Structure
how many amino acids can be used
- Order or sequence in which the amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain
- 20 different amino acids
In secondary structure, what can the primary structure twist into?
What bonds form to make up the backbone(Hint= weak bonds)
Helix or bending into a pleated sheet
H and O- hydrogen bonding
What does the Tertiary Structure do
- A complex folding of the secondary structure into a 3D/Globular shapes
- Bonds that form are ionic, covalent, H-bonds, and S-S bonds between cysteines
- This is the functional shape of the protein(enzymes)
Explain what the Quaternary structure is
- Two or more tertiary protein molecules bound together into a globular mass
- Held together by the same bonds found into the tertiary structured
e. g) Hemoglobin
Name the 6 protein functions \_\_\_\_\_\_(e.g: keratin- hair,nails) \_\_\_\_\_\_(e.g: salivary amylase) \_\_\_\_\_\_(e.g: insulin) \_\_\_\_\_\_(e.g: hemoglobin) \_\_\_\_\_\_(e.g: actin and myosin[muscles]) \_\_\_\_\_\_(e.g: immunity)
- Structural
- Enzymes
- Hormones
- Blood Proteins
- Movement
- Antibodies
What can protein denaturation be caused by -3 WAYS (e.g: milk curdling, egg whites changing colour)
- Temperature
- pH
- chemicals like heavy metals
What are carbohydrates made up of, as well as the ratio of H-O
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
2:1 ratio of H-O
What are the three types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Explain in your words the main difference between mono, di, and polysaccharides
- Monosaccharides are building blocks for large carbohydrates, also are simple sugars
- Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis are disaccharides
- many monosaccharides bonded together(often glucose) make polysaccharides
Glucose can form these three sugars….
Starch+water
cellulose+water
glycogen+water
Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis is a _______
Disaccharide
A polysaccharide that:
Has Alpha Linkage
Is a Storage molecule in plants
Has few branches
Starch
A polysaccharide that: Has beta linkage Is indigestible Is a structural molecule in plants Straight chain
Cellulose
A polysaccharide that:
Has Alpha linkage
Are storage molecules in animals
Has many branches
Glycogen
Name some of the carbohydrate functions
Some notes
- Energy production in the body(glucose is the energy source for cells)
- Energy source…….. Starch in plants and glycogen in animals
- Cell membrane markers/receptors
