Study as I go Flashcards
Penton fibers?
Adenoviridae
Penton fibers cause what?
Hemagglutination of RBCs
How are adenoviruses released inside the host?
Cell lysis
Infectious Canine Hepatitis?
Canine Adenovirus 1
Why is Infectious Canine Hepatitis so infectious?
Shed in urine for 6 months
Pathognomonic characteristic of early Infectious Canine Hepatitis?
Corneal Edema/Blue eye
Kennel Cough/Infectious Tracheobronchitis
CAV-2
What breed is most susceptible to Equine Adenovirus?
Arabian Foals
Outcome of Equine adenovirus?
Bronchitis and Pneumonia
Death before 3m
How does retroviridae spread in the host?
Type 3
Bovine Leukemia
Deltaretrovirus
What cell does bovine leukemia target?
B lymphocytes
Important proteins for Bovine Leukemia?
gp51
p24 (Major Core)
Number one cause of carcass condemnation in cattle?
Bovine Leukemia
FeLV?
Gammaretrovirus
Important protein in FeLV
p27
Target cells of FeLV?
T and B
Horizontally transmitted FeLV?
FeLV-A
Cats with that FeLV have a higher risk of tumors?
A and B
How do cats get FeLV-C?
mutation
How soon after having an FeLV + cat can a new one be introduced to the home?
3-4w
Antigen present on all membranes of cells transformed by FeLV and FeSV?
FOCMA
Recombination of FeLVA and host proto-oncogenes?
FeSV
Cause of fibrosarcomas in cats?
FeSV
Avian leukosis
Alpharetrovirus
What birds are affected by avian leukosis?
Chickens only
Target cell of avian leukosis?
B
Thick leg in birds?
Osteoporosis from avian leukosis
How can you differentiate Avian Leukosis from Marek’s Dz?
No nerve or ocular involvement in AL
FIV?
Feline lentivirus
How is FIV transmitted?
Bites, Milk, TP
What cell does FIV target?
CD4
Important antigen in FIV?
p24
Retrovirus with no cross protection between serotypes?
FIV
Equine Infectious Anemia/Swamp Fever
Equine lentivirus
Reportable retrovirus?
Equine lentivirus
Vector of Equine lentivirus?
Tabanids (mechanical)
Test of Equine lentivirus?
Coggins test
Coggins test is for what protein?
p26
Caprine Arthritis Encephalomyelitis
Caprine lentivirus
Most important goat disease in the US?
Caprine lentivirus
Big knee?
Caprine lentivirus
Hard bag?
Mastitis from caprine lentivirus and ovine lentivirus
Can colostrum be used from CAEV+ goats?
Yes, pasturize
Maedi-visna
Ovine lentivirus
Maedi?
Lungs
Visna?
Brain
Incubation period for ovine lentivirus?
up to 9 years!!
Symptom of Maedi?
Pneumonia
Symptom of Visna?
CNS, knuckling of fetlock
Bullet shaped virus?
Rhabdo
Rabies?
lyssavirus
vesicular stomatitits
vesiculovirus
defecting interfering particles are found in what virus?
rhabdo
most lethal infectious disease?
rabies
which rabies genotype is the classic one?
Genotype 1
What species perpetuates cattle rabies?
Skunks
What species perpetuates human and non-cattle rabies?
Vampire Bats
How does Rabies reach the brain?
Centripetal progress
Furious form of rabies replication?
Limbic system
Dumb form of rabies replication?
Neocortex
How does rabies reach the salivary glands?
Centrifugal progress
Why do animals die from rabies?
Respiratory failure
Which species has viremia and a carrier state for vesicular stomatitis?
Pigs
What disease looks just like vesicular stomatitis?
Foot and mouth
Characteristic clinical feature of vesicular stomatitis?
Profuse salivation
Immunity for vesicular stomatitis?
Short lived
3 day sickness?
Bovine ephemerovirus
Vector of bovine ephemerovirus?
Mosquitos
Culicoides
Foot and mouth disease?
Apthovirus
Avian encephalomyelitis
Avian tremovirus
Encephalomyocarditis
Cardiovirus
What species are affected by foot and mouth disease?
All cloven hoofed animals
How long are cattle carriers for foot and mouth?
2yr
How long are sheep carriers for foot and mouth?
6m
What animal is not a carrier for foot and mouth?
Pigs
When does shedding of foot and mouth begin?
24hr before clinical signs
Amplifying host for foot and mouth?
Swine
Tiger heart?
foot and mouth
How does foot and mouth cause abortion?
Fever! Doesn’t cross placenta
Key clinical sign for foot and mouth?
profuse salivation
How is foot and mouth transmitted?
Aerosol
What species are affected by encephalomyocarditis?
Piglets
Reservoir for encephalomyocarditis?
Rodents
Clinical feature of encephalomyocarditis?
SMEDI
Pathognomonic for encephalomyocarditis?
Myocardial infarcts and necrosis
Is vesicular stomatitis more often transmitted by mechanical or biological?
Mechanical
Reportable Rhabdoviridaes?
Rabies, Vesicular Stomatitis, Bovine Ephemeral Fever (so ALL!)
Why are horse owners cautioned about vaccinated for vesicular stomatitis?
Can’t differentiate vaccine from natural exposure
Zoonotic Rhabdos?
Rabies and Vesicular Stomatitis
Which rhabdo does not have cross protection?
Vesicular Stomatitis
What rhabdo is not in NA?
Bovine ephemeral fever
Are picornas stable?
In mucus, feces
Where is Foot and Mouth disease not found?
NA, CA, Oceania, Carib
What species is genetically resistant to FMD?
Horses
Can animals be reinfected with FMD?
Yes, no cross protection
Is FMD stable?
Very! 2-3 weeks! (not in carcass though, disinfectants work)
Transmission of FMD?
Inhalation, Uncooked meat
Why is FMD so worrisome for transportation?
Asymptomatic carriers
Reportable Picorna viruses?
FMD
What birds are most often affected by avian encephalomyelitis?
Chicks
What protein in Paramyxo neutralizes antibodies?
H
What protein in Paramyxo destroys mucin inhibitors?
N
What protein in Paramyxo helps with Type 3 spread?
F
Most important avian disease?
Newcastle
Which paramyxos have H and N proteins?
BPI-3, Newcastle
Which protein does canine distemper not have?
N
Inclusion bodies in Paramyxo?
Red, IN/IC
Shipping fever associated paramyxo viruses?
Bovine Parainfluenza
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Disease
Newcastle Disease?
Avian paramyxovirus 1
Avirulent strain of newcastle disease?
lentogenic
What enzyme does the lentogenic newcastle use?
Trypsin
Virulent strains of ND use what enzyme?
endoprotease
Moderately virulent ND strain?
Mesogenic
Highly virulent ND strain?
Velogenic
When is ND shed?
before during and after symptoms!
What form of ND affects the intestines rather than the respiratory tract?
Viscerotropic Velogenic ND
Which forms of ND have high mortality?
Viscerotropic and Neurotropic Velogenic
Kennel cough paramyxo?
Canine Parainfluenza Virus 5
Canine distemper?
Canine morbillibirus
What tissue does canine distemper target?
Neurotropic
The human and canine morbillivirus vaccine share what protein antigen?
F
Peste des Petits
Caprine morbillivirus
Symptoms of Peste des petits
mouth erosions, stomatitis, diarrhea, pneumonia
When is Peste des Petits shed?
1-2 days before
Reportable paramyxo?
Peste des Petits, Newcastle
Zoonotic paramyxo?
Canine Parainfluenza, Newcastle
Bovine respiratory syncytial disease?
bovine pneumovirus
Short lived immunity paramyxo?
bovine respiratory syncytial disease
Pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial disease
loss of ciliated epithelium
Which paramyxo can cause abortion?
Peste de Petits
The hemagglutinin protein in Orthomyxo has what function?
Binds sialic acid receptors for attacment
The neuraminidase protein in Orthomyxo has what function?
Cleave sialic acid to release virions
What is unique about Orthomyxo’s replication process?
Cap snatching
What is cap snatching?
cleave 5’ methyl-g from RNA to get transcription primer
Equine influenza etiology?
A/H3N8
Canine influenza etiologic agent?
A/H3N8
How are equine influenza and canine influenza related?
Canine is a mutation of Equine
When is canine influenza shed?
During IP and 1 week after
What does canine influenza present like?
Kennel Cough
What is unique about the Canine Influenza vaccine?
Doesn’t prevent- reduces severity
Which influenza does not have a carrier sate?
Equine
Swine Influenza etiologic agent?
A/H1N1-3 (1 most common)
Pigs are predisposed to swine flu due to what infection?
Ascaris suum
How do you prevent swine flu?
Avoid carrier pigs
Which strain of avian influenza infects chickens most?
H5N1
Which strain of avian influenza infects turkeys?
H5N9
Avian influenza common name?
Fowl plague
Which bird is most often affected by fowl plague?
Turkeys
What orthomyxo can affect the GIT?
Avian
What orthomyxo can affect the CNS?
Avian
What orthomyxo can cause abortion due to fever?
Equine
How do you prevent avian flu?
Sentinel birds
African horse sickness
Orbivirus
Bluetongue virus
Orbivirus
Avian reovirus
orthoreovirus
Most common cause of diarrhea in young animals?
Rotavirus
What species does blue tongue affect?
sheep, deer
Reportable Reoviruses?
Blue Tongue
African Horse Sickness
Vector of blue tongue?
Culicoides
- variipnnsis
- SE insignis
Other than arthropod vector, how can blue tongue be spread?
TP, Venereal
Which serotype of blue tongue affects the southeast?
2
What serotypes of blue tongue are in the US?
10, 11, 13, 17, (2)
Vector of african horse sickness?
culicoides
Symptoms of african horse sickness?
frothing, pulmonary edema, hydropericardium, facial edema, petechiae
Acute pulmonary horse sickness?
Dunkop
Subacute cardiac horse sickness?
Dikkop
Rotavirus outer capsid proteins?
VP7, VP4
VP7 classifies what for Rotavirus?
G Genotypes
VP4 classifies what for Rotavirus?
P Genotypes, P Serotypes
How stable is rotavirus in the environment?
Very-30d
Where does Rotavirus replicate within the host
mature enterocytes of SI villi
What species have a Rotavirus vaccine?
Equine, Bovine
Viral arthritis and tenozynovitis in chickens
Avian reovirus
Important capsid protein for corona?
Spike
Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs?
Porcine Coronavirus
Which form of TGE occurs more often in winter?
Epidemic
Which form of TGE affects susceptible herds rather than partially immune?
Epidemic
Which form of TGE affects partially immune herds?
Endemic
Which form of TGE is more severe?
Epidemic
Major cause of mortality in the pigs in the US?
TGE
What does TGE do to villi?
Atrophy-> malabsorption
Who do you vaccinate for TGE?
Pregnant Sows
Neonates
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea?
Coronavirus
Where is PED problematic?
Asia
How are PED and TGE related?
They aren’t!
PED- Group 1b
TGE- Group 1a
Vomiting and Wasting disease in pigs?
Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis
Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis?
Coronavirus
How is Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis transmitted?
Aerosol, Contact with secretions
Why is Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis called wasting disease?
Encephalomyelitis leads to vomiting and malnutrition
Bovine coronavirus occurs at what time of year?
Winter
Where does bovine coronavirus replicate?
SI and LI
How does bovine corona affect villi?
Atrophy-> malabsorption
Other than diarrhea, what else can bovine corona cause?
Respiratory issues
When do you vaccinate cows for bovine corona?
Before each calving
Winter dysentery in cows?
coronavirus
What age group is affected by winter dysentery?
Adult cows
Other than diarrhea, what else can winter dysentery cause?
hemorrhage, hyperemia of colon
FIP?
feline coronavirus
How is FIP transmitted?
fecal oral, inhalation, TP
What percent of cats infected with FCoV get FIP?
1-3%
What percent of cats infected with FCoV are resistant?
5-10%
What percent of cats infected with FCoV get diarrhea?
70%
What percent of cats infected with FCoV are persistent carriers?
5-10%
A strong CMI response will have what effect on FIP?
Prevent FIP
A weak CMI response and strong humoral response will have what effect on FIP?
Effusive/Wet Form
An intermediate immune response will have what effect on FIP?
Non-effusive/Dry Form
Clinical signs of effusive FIP?
distension, peritonitis, ascites, pyogranulomas
Clinical signs of non-effusive FIP?
uveitis, granulomatous inflamation, pyogranulomas, meningoencephalitis
What test is used for FIP?
Rivalta test
Is there a vaccine for FIP?
Yes, but not recommended
Avian Infectious Bronchitis?
coronairus
Specific cross protection in avian infectious bronchitis?
Protectotypes
Respiratory strain of avian infectious bronchitis?
Mass, Conn, Ark, Ga
Nephrotropic strain of avian infectious bronchitis?
T, Gray, Holte
Vaccine used for meat type chickens for avian infectious bronchitis?
Live
Vaccine used for layers and breeders for avian infectious bronchitis?
Inactivated
Breda virus?
Bovine torovirus
What organ does bovine torovirus affect?
SI: lower half of villi, crypts
Most fatal togavirus?
EEEV
Vector of WEEV?
Culex tarsalis
Vector of EEEV?
Culiseta melanura
Vector of enzootic VEEV?
Culex
What seasons does EEEV occur?
Late summer/early fall
What weather benefits EEEV?
Heavy rainfall
Dead end host of EEEV?
horses and humans
How is WEEV related to EEEV?
recombination of EEEV
Dead end host of WEEV?
horses, humans
Epizootic strains of VEEV?
1-A/B/C
Enzootic strains of VEEV?
1-D/E/F, 2-6
Highly virulent strain of VEEV?
epizootic
Non virulent strain of VEEV?
Enzootic
Primary vector of Enzootic VEEV?
Culex
Dead end host of enzootic VEEV?
horse, human
Dead end host of epizootic VEEV?
humans
Amplifying host of epizootic VEEV?
Horse
Horse vaccines for EEV?
EEEV, WEEV-inactivated
VEEV- tissue culture attenuated
Human vaccines for EEV?
VEEV-workers only, not licensed
Flaviviridae with veterinary importance?
Pestivirus
Difference between ncp and cp forms of BVD?
Cleavage of NS2-3
Mucosal form of BVD?
cp
Bovine Viral Diarrhea?
Pestivirus
What protein is inserted between the NS2-3 sequence in BVD?
Ubiquitin
Which type of BVD is more common?
Type 1
Relationship between BVD 1/2?
Antigenically distinct
Relationship between cp and noncp BVD?
Antigenically related
Pregnant cows infected with BVD at 2-4 months give birth to what?
PI calves
Pregnant cows infected with BVD at 1 month give birth to what?
They don’t! embryo death
Pregnant cows infected with BVD at 5-9 months give birth to what?
Normal, deformed, or dead calves
Why do PI calves not have antibody response?
BVD inhibits IFN Type 1
Source of BVD infection?
Fluids
Non-pregnant cows get what form of BVD?
Thrombocytopenia and Hemorrhagic syndrome, diarrhea in calves too
Do calves with BVD antibodies mean they are PI?
Possibly, test for antigen
Do calves with BVD with antigen mean they are PI?
Possibly, could just be active infection!
How do you test for BVD?
Ear punch
How are African Swine Fever and Classical Swine Fever distinguished?
They aren’t!
Primary site of CSF invasion?
Tonsil
Symptoms of CSF?
huddling, hyperemia, cyanosis of ears, diarrhea
Pathognomonic for CSF?
Turkey Egg Kidneys
Why should you use the DIVA CSF vaccine?
Can distinguish from active infection
What type of host are horses for West Nile?
Incidental host
How is Louping Ill spread?
Ticks-ixodes ricinus
Species affected by louping ill?
turkeys, sheep
Viruses caused by pestivirus?
BVD
CSF
West Nile
Louping Ill
Cup shaped depression virus?
Caliciviridae
Important genus of Caliciviridae in vet med?
Vesivirus
Vesicular exanthema of pigs?
Porcine calicivirus
Most common symptoms of calicivirus in cats?
oral and respiratory issues
Calicivirus with carrier state?
Cats
How is calicivirus transmitted?
Conjunctiva
Inhalation
Ingestion
Where does calicivirus replicate within the host?
Oral and Respiratory tissues
Most common lesion from calicivirus?
Ulcers
Limping syndrome in cats?
Feline calicivirus
Cats vaccinated for calicivirus can still get this form?
FCV-VSD (virulent systemic disease)
Symptoms of FCV-VSD other than normal FCV symptoms?
Facial Edema Foot Pad Sloughing Pneumonia Liver, Spleen, Pancreatic Necrosis Vascular Injury
Immunity with FCV?
Not lifelong, vaccinate recovered animals!
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine can be confused with what other diseases?
Foot and Mouth
Vesicular Stomatitis
Swine Vesicular Disease
Is vesicular exanthema of swine in the US?
Not anymore!
How is vesicular exanthema of swine transmitted?
Direct Contact
Pork Scraps
San Miguel Sea Lion Virus?
Calicivirus (unspecified)
Important birnaviridae we studied?
Avibirnavirus
Infectious Bursal Disease?
Avibirnavirus
Gumbo disease?
Avibirnavirus
What cells are affected by avibirnavirus?
B cells
Which serotype of infectious burial disease is pathogenic?
IBDV-1
What species is affected by IBVD?
Young chickens
How resistant is IBDV?
Very! up to 52 days in environment!
Initial site of replication of IBDV?
Gut macrophages and lymph
How does IBDV reach the BF?
Viremia
Does IBDV spread beyond the BF?
Yes! Secondary viremia to other lymph tissues
Why is IBDV often fatal?
Cytokine storm
Symptoms of IBDV?
ruffled
diarrhea
swollen BF
Which vaccine can be given to chicks for IBDV before the maternal ABs wear away?
Hot Vaccine
Intermediate Vaccine
Vaccination for IBDV in the egg?
Live recombinant vaccine
Viruses on this test that replicate in the cytoplasm?
Reoviridae
Orthomyxo (both)
Double Stranded viruses on this test?
Adenoviridae
Reoviridae
Birnaviridae
Segmented viruses on this test?
Reo
Birna
Ortho
Helical viruses on this test?
Ortho
Corona
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Viruses with inclusion bodies on this test?
Adeno (N)
Rhabdo (Negri)
Paramyxo (N/C)
Enveloped viruses on this test?
Calici
Reo
Birna
Tumor causing viruses on this test?
Retro
Adeno
