study 2

Question 1

What is a situational perspective on personality

Answer 1

What is a situational perspective on personality

Question 2

What was Mischel’s critique towards broad personality traits

Answer 2

he doesn’t think that a person acts in a consistent way across different situations. That you have underlying personal traits is a myth. A individuals behaviour is highly dependent upon the situation. So the individual behaviour that you call your personality because its unique its actually just the affect of a situation and it will change when you are in another situation and so on. That behaviour is shape largly by the given situation.

Question 3

the power of the situation

Answer 3

Okey so what the power of the situation means is that sometimes personality can predict someone’s behaviour, but in some cases when the situations powerful personality is a shit indicator of how a person will act

Question 4

What are mirror neurons

Answer 4

Mirrro nerouns is brain cells that react in the same way when they for example se see something dangerous and when they see a person act like they seen something dangerous. Some people are more sensitive to situations while others are more independent.

Question 5

Explain why, despite lack of scientific support, Freud’s theory is considered a turning point in our understanding of personality

Answer 5

So Freud is the first one that brought the possibility of a unconscious part in personality and that experiences and situations in your childhood can have a affect on personality.

Question 6

personal unconscious

Answer 6

Contain thoughts and feelings that are not currently a part of the conscious awareness.

Question 7

Collective unconsciousness

Answer 7

A deeper level of unconsciousness with powerful universal emotional symbols called archetypes.

Question 8

archetype

Answer 8

Archetypes have evolutionary basis, its like the body has developed throughout the years, the psyche/ mind has gone through the same process.

Question 9

Alfred Adler helplessness

Answer 9

Adler : states that we are born with feeling inferior and to compensate our feelings of inferiority we can develop a fabricated feeling of superiority. So you over compensate what you think you lack.

Question 10

Karen Horney helplessness

Answer 10

Karin believed that because children are powerless they repress feelings of anger and hostility. So the child develops basic anxiety which is the fear if being alone helpless and insecure so they strive to please the powerful adults instead of getting angry and hostile

Question 11

What is the most important focus in object relations theory

Answer 11

Object relation theory is an approach that stats that the Essenes of a person cannot be known until you understand the persons relationships with significant others. So everything that you learn is basically through some type of interactions with other people. Object relations focus on the importance of relations with other individuals in defining personality.

Question 12

Describe Erikson’s lifespan approach and how it differs from Freud’s

Answer 12

Erikson lifespan approach is influenced by freuds but the differences is that the lifespan stages continues in to adulthood but also that Erikson emphasized the roll of culture and society in his lifespan theory.

Question 13

What is personality about from an interpersonal point of view

Answer 13

The interpersonal perspective on personality believes that we and our personality and who we are evolves from interactions with others and they emphasis the parents roll that it affects the child a lot.

Question 14

What does the term “illusion of individuality” refer to

Answer 14

It refers to the illusion that you merely have on fixed personality. Its an illusion because the fact actually is that you change your behaviour depending on interactions and situations

Question 15

What is environmental press referring to, according to Murray

Answer 15

It refers to the force that arises from pressure you get from other people, events or situations.
For example, your friend gets good grades this might push you to work harder to also get good grads.

Question 16

Define the two basic needs/dimensions that are central to human interpersonal behaviour

Answer 16

The two needs that are central in human interpersonal behaviour is dominance the need to influence and control others and nurturance the need to help others

Question 17

What does the term “complementarity” refer to from an interpersonal point of view?

Answer 17

That individuals behave in a way that evokes complementary or reciprocal behaviours from others. Which means positive behaviour evokes positive behaviour from others and negative behaviour evokes negative behaviour from others.

Question 18

Define and explain the “copy processes

Answer 18

There are three typs of copy processes
Introjection = the child treats them self as the caregiver has treated them
Identification = the child treats others as the caregiver has treated them
Recapitulation = the child acts as if the caregiver is still in control

Question 19

D- needs (Deficiency needs)

Answer 19

D needs are needs based on maintenance of the person, needs for survival like food, sex, water, love, esteem, safety, belongingness. You work to eliminate the defiance (D) so the drive gets reduced, you do that to maintain the D needs such as water sex, food and so on so you can be satisfied.

Question 20

B-values

Answer 20

When you are satisfied you will most likely pursuit the B values and they are values based on growth. These B values are the need to experience our life and to find meaning and purpose, they include things like truth goodness and beauty

Question 21

peak experience’

Answer 21

is a experience that happens when everything falls into place. You become one with the world

Question 22

Self actualized person:

Answer 22

a inner process where the individual grows spiritually and realise there own potential

Question 23

Explain the method and goal of Rogerian therapy.

Answer 23

the therapy is client oriented , the therapist is only a helping hand and it’s the client that understands best where the problems are. And what directions the therapy should go. The goal is that the client will drop their masks and become more open and self trusting. And with that can accomplish growth and change

Question 24

Describe the concept of anxiety and guilt as explained by Rollo

Answer 24

Rollo may saw anxiety as something that appears when the person feels that their existence is threatened.
the only way to have no anxiety is to have no freedom. There must be struggles for there to be dignity

Question 25

Explain how the existential- humanistic philosophy can be used in coping with life threatening illnesses

Answer 25

There is something called logotherapy which is the search for meaning of existence. That has help people come together and have intimate discussions and this makes them feel a inner triumph.

Question 26

Differentiate between gender and sex

Answer 26

the differences is that the sex is referring to the biological differences such as hormones and sex chromosomes while gender is something society labels and could differ from culture to culture but is usually what is considers masculine and feminine things

Question 27

What is “doing gender

Answer 27

Doing gender is something that Dan Zimmerman came up with. It’s the idea that sex is not a trait. But because we live in a world where we are constantly socially trained with behaviour that emphasis what is femininity and what is masculinity the sex(gender) has now become a product of that. Its not genetically but rather a social construct

Question 28

Explain an “intersectional” perspective

Answer 28

the intersectional perspective they talk about how power structures effect other power structures and that causes discrimination, inequality and depressions. Power structures can be, race, sexuality. Social economic status and gender for exemple

Question 29

How do emotions develop

Answer 29

Biological responses and physiological reactions makes emotions develop. But also cognitive appraisal, how you interpreted situations can create emotions.

Question 30

Ekman’s 7 basic emotions

Answer 30

Happiness, anger, contempt, disgust, surprise, sadness and fear.

Question 31

According to Ekman, what is the common characteristics for all basic emotions

Answer 31

The emotion has to be distinguished from other emotions and the emotion has to have evolved through adaptation

Question 32

What do negative and positive emotions mean, and what are the differences between them

Answer 32

Negative emotions are liked to avoidance of behaviours and objects and positive emotions are liked to approaching behaviours.

Negative emotions are more distinct and there is more of them then positive emotions and your more likely to be attentive to a angry looking face then a happy looking face.

Question 33

What was Darwin’s contribution to the study of emotion

Answer 33

emotions are expressed primarily in the face, emotions are separate entities, emotions are universal and not unique to only humans.

Question 34

According to Lazarus, how are emotions related to certain actions. Cognitive motivational relational theory.

Answer 34

3 stages.

Appraisal: how should I act in this situation

Core rational theme : what emotion should I generate, using your previous experience in similar situations to generate the correct emotion.

Action tendencies: how did a actually act

Question 35

high road

Answer 35

Complex emotions like love, guilt, happiness involve how we appraise the situation.

Question 36

Low road

Answer 36

Simple emotions like fear or anger are processed without thinking and emotions can occur before cognition takes place. Exemple, we fear snakes when we know its harmless

Question 37

According to Tomkins, what is a scene and script

Answer 37

Scene: the basic units of experience

Script: multiple similar scenes are often buddled together and the patterns and rules that emerge from the is called scripts. Scripts are how experiences are remembered and combined with other memoirs to mark meaningful predictions.

Question 38

Are gestures innate or where do they come from? How do they know that

Answer 38

No they are not innate they are cultural, they mean different things in different cultures. They know this because gestures differ from culture to culture

Question 39

What dimensions of affect have been studied from the cross-cultural perspective

Answer 39

Structure affect : two factor structures that are common across cultures.

Facial recognition and expression: many emotions are universal.

Labelling emotions: not all cultures have labels on the emotions they feel

Question 40

How can the self concept vary as a function of culture

Answer 40

individualistic cultures us traits to describe themselves and collectivistic cultures us social indicators tex first born, doctor osv.

Question 41

Explain the importance of family in shaping the personality according to Confucian theory of personality

Answer 41

the family is where much of our personality develops and continues to develop even after we are mature

Question 42

psychosomatic medicine

Answer 42

Psychosomatic medicine is based on that the psyche (the mind) effect the soma (body).

Question 43

disease-prone personalities

Answer 43

People that are impulsive, depressed, isolated and angry are more likely to put themselves in unhealthy situations

Question 44

Explain Farley ́s “type T theory

Answer 44

T stands fro thrill seeking.

Its based on the same thing as introverts and extroverts and that extroverts have a internal arousal deficiency

Question 45

The sick role

Answer 45

The sick roll is a set of social expectations about how a person should act when sick. For example you should see a doctor when you sick and the sit at home an rest and maybe act weak and grumpy and moody.

Question 46

somatopsychic effects

Answer 46

The body can effect the mind and the mind can effect the body.
If you get oxygen deprivation or become psychically week that can induce chronic depression.

Question 47

diathesis-stress model

Answer 47

the model states that the environment is what makes the dieses or the disorder to appear. Even if you have genetics that states that you have a higher risk of getting mental issue they wont appear until the environment triggers them

Question 48

Human Termites

Answer 48

It’s a longitudinal study done on a couple of children to predict longevity and cause of death.

Conscientiousness: children that was rated as prudent, truthful and free from vanity lived longer and hade 30% less likelihood of dying any given day.

Sociability: no evidence that related to longer life or healthier life.

Cheerfulness: die sooner, because of their attitude to life is carefree and careless which can be harmful.

Stress: children whom had parents divorce before age 21 faced a greater mortality risk.

Question 49

Self-healing personality

Answer 49

A self healing personality is a personality that is very unlikely to become ill even if the person that have that kind of personality engages in stressful situations or horrible conditions.
To not become ill you have to

have feel that your in control and not feel powerless.

You also have to have a commitment to something you feel is important and meaningful.

You also have to respond to life with energy and excitement

Question 50

Salutogenesis

Answer 50

how people stay healthy, you have to have a sense of coherence

Question 51

Sense of coherence

Answer 51

is a persons confidence that the world is understandable, manageable and meaningful