Study

Question 1

as part of a randomized clinical trial, assignment of participants to study and control groups using a chance process in which the participants are assigned to a particular group with a known probability

Answer 1

Randomization

Question 2

a measurement of outcome that looks at short-term results, such as changes in laboratory tests, that may not reflect longer term or clinically important decisions

Answer 2

Surrogate outcomes

Question 3

How should the intervention be modified to reach target population?

Answer 3

implantation

Question 4

perception of increased probability of an event due to an individual’s absence of prior experience with the extent

Answer 4

unfamiliarity effect

Question 5

a core public health function that includes developing evidence-based recommendations and other analyses of options, such as health policy analysis, to guide implementation, including efforts to educate and mobilize community partnerships to implement these policies

Answer 5

Policy development

Question 6

An evidence-based approach to problem solving that considers a range of possible interventions, including health care, traditional public health, and social interventions

Answer 6

Population health approach

Question 7

an approach that focuses on those with the highest probability of developing disease and aims to bring their risk close to the levels experienced by the rest of the population

Answer 7

high risk approach

Question 8

assumes that everyone is at some degree of risk and the risk increases with the extent of exposure

Answer 8

Improving-the-average approach

Question 9

Contributory causes

Answer 9

(1) the existence of an association between the “cause” and the “effect” at the individual level
(2) the “cause” precedes the “effect” in time
(3) altering the “cause” alters the probability of the “effect”
All three must be established

Question 10

BIGGEMS

Answer 10

behavior, infection, genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic-cultural status

Question 11

underlying factors that ultimately bring about disease

Answer 11

Determinants

Question 12

the physical environment constructed by human beings

Answer 12

Built environment

Question 13

The impact of falling childhood death rates and extended life spans on the size of populations and the age distribution of populations

Answer 13

Demographic transition

Question 14

an investigator who studies the occurrence and control of disease or other health conditions or events in defined populations

Answer 14

Epidemiologist

Question 15

a characterization of individuals or an exposure that increases the probability of developing a disease. It does not imply that a contributory cause has been established

Answer 15

Risk factor

Question 16

criteria that may be used to argue for a cause-and-effect relationship when the definitive requirements have not been fulfilled

Answer 16

Supportive criteria / ancillary

Question 17

a decision-making attitude; an individual or group consistently favors taking actions or avoiding actions that differ from recommendations utilizing probabilities, utilities and the timing of events

Answer 17

Risk-taking attitudes

Question 18

a component of social marketing that includes organizing a campaign or program to reach the target audiences

Answer 18

Promotion

Question 19

Belmont Report

Answer 19

a report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research that established key principles upon which the current approach to protection of human subjects is based

Question 20

a philosophy that aims to provide fair treatment and a fair share of the reward of society to individuals and groups

Answer 20

Social justice

Question 21

the full range of strategies designed to protect health and prevent disease, disability and death

Answer 21

Interventions

Question 22

Risk factor

Answer 22

a characteristic of individuals or an exposure that increases the probability of developing a disease. It does not imply that a contributory cause has been established.

Question 23

PERIE

Answer 23

Problem, Etiology, Recommendations, Implementation, and Evaluation.

Question 24

Burdon of disease

Answer 24

an analysis of the morbidity and mortality produced by disease.

Question 25

Morbidity

Answer 25

the frequency of impairments or disability produced by a disease or other condition

Question 26

Mortality

Answer 26

the frequency of deaths produced by a disease or other condition

Question 26

Course of a disease

Answer 26

a description of a disease or other condition often using incidence, prevalence and case-fatality

Question 27

the group of people who have a chance or probability of developing a disease

Answer 27

At risk population

Question 28

Incidence rate

Answer 28

The chances of occurrence of a disease or other condition over a period of time, usually one year; the total number of new cases of an event over by the sum of the person-time of the at-risk population.

Question 29

Prevalence rate

Answer 29

number of individuals who have a disease at a particular point in time divided by the number of individuals who could potentially have the disease

Question 30

True rate

Answer 30

a measurement that has a numerator that is a subset of the denominator and a unit of time, such as a day or a year, over which the number of events in the numerator is measured

Question 31

Etiology

Answer 31

the cause of a disease or health condition

Question 32

Distribution of disease

Answer 32

how a disease is spread out in a population, often using factors such as persons, place and time

Question 32

Associations

Answer 32

the occurrence together of two factors, such as a risk factor and a disease, more often than expected by chance alone

Question 33

Risk indicators

Answer 33

A characteristic such as gender or age, that is associated with an outcome but is not considered a contributory cause

Question 33

an association observed in the data that is actually the result of the method of data collection

Answer 33

Artificial association

Question 34

RE-AIM

Answer 34

Evaluation process:
Reach
Effectiveness
Adoption
Intervention
Maintenace

Question 35

Health communication

Answer 35

the full range of uses of information in health, from data collection to decision making

Question 36

collection of health data as the basis for monitoring and understanding health problems, generating hypotheses about etiology, and evaluating the success of intervention

Answer 36

Public health surveillance

Question 37

a population health status measure that summarizes the impact of death in an entire population utilizing the probability of death at each age of life in a particular year in a particular population

Answer 37

Life expectancy

Question 38

Disability adjusted life year (DALY)

Answer 38

a population health status measure that incorporates measures of death and disability and allows for measurement of the impact of categories of disease and risk factors

Question 39

Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

Answer 39

a population health status measure that combines life expectancy with a measure of the population’s overall quality of life

Question 40

Health-related Quality of life (HRQOL)

Answer 40

a health status measure that reflects the number of unhealthy days due to physical plus mental impairment. HRQOL provides an overall quality of health measure, but it does not incorporate the impact of death

Question 41

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

Answer 41

Health literacy

Question 42

perception of an increase in the probability of occurrence of an event due to its ease of being able to be visualized and its feared consequences

Answer 42

Dread effect

Question 43

perception of increased probability of occurrence of an event due to the perceived inability of an individual to control or prevent the event from occurring

Answer 43

Uncontrollability effect

Question 44

a process that compares the outcomes of two or more interventions based on principles of expected utility

Answer 44

Decision analysis

Question 45

Utility scale

Answer 45

a scale that goes from zero to one, with zero reflecting immediate death and one reflecting full health. This scale is used to measure the value or importance that an individual or a group of places in a particular outcomes

Question 46

Quality adjusted life years (QALYs)

Answer 46

a measurement that asks about the number of life-years saved by an intervention rather than the number of lives

Question 47

Health equity

Answer 47

When all people have the opportunity to attain their full health potential and no is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of his or her social position or other socially determined circumstances

Question 48

Health inequity

Answer 48

a difference or disparity in health outcomes that is systematic, avoidable, and unjust

Question 49

Health inequalities

Answer 49

differences, variations, and disparities in the health achievements of individuals and groups of people