Study Flashcards
as part of a randomized clinical trial, assignment of participants to study and control groups using a chance process in which the participants are assigned to a particular group with a known probability
Randomization
a measurement of outcome that looks at short-term results, such as changes in laboratory tests, that may not reflect longer term or clinically important decisions
Surrogate outcomes
How should the intervention be modified to reach target population?
implantation
perception of increased probability of an event due to an individual’s absence of prior experience with the extent
unfamiliarity effect
a core public health function that includes developing evidence-based recommendations and other analyses of options, such as health policy analysis, to guide implementation, including efforts to educate and mobilize community partnerships to implement these policies
Policy development
An evidence-based approach to problem solving that considers a range of possible interventions, including health care, traditional public health, and social interventions
Population health approach
an approach that focuses on those with the highest probability of developing disease and aims to bring their risk close to the levels experienced by the rest of the population
high risk approach
assumes that everyone is at some degree of risk and the risk increases with the extent of exposure
Improving-the-average approach
Contributory causes
(1) the existence of an association between the “cause” and the “effect” at the individual level
(2) the “cause” precedes the “effect” in time
(3) altering the “cause” alters the probability of the “effect”
All three must be established
BIGGEMS
behavior, infection, genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic-cultural status
underlying factors that ultimately bring about disease
Determinants
the physical environment constructed by human beings
Built environment
The impact of falling childhood death rates and extended life spans on the size of populations and the age distribution of populations
Demographic transition
an investigator who studies the occurrence and control of disease or other health conditions or events in defined populations
Epidemiologist
a characterization of individuals or an exposure that increases the probability of developing a disease. It does not imply that a contributory cause has been established
Risk factor
criteria that may be used to argue for a cause-and-effect relationship when the definitive requirements have not been fulfilled
Supportive criteria / ancillary
a decision-making attitude; an individual or group consistently favors taking actions or avoiding actions that differ from recommendations utilizing probabilities, utilities and the timing of events
Risk-taking attitudes
a component of social marketing that includes organizing a campaign or program to reach the target audiences
Promotion
Belmont Report
a report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research that established key principles upon which the current approach to protection of human subjects is based
a philosophy that aims to provide fair treatment and a fair share of the reward of society to individuals and groups
Social justice
the full range of strategies designed to protect health and prevent disease, disability and death
Interventions
Risk factor
a characteristic of individuals or an exposure that increases the probability of developing a disease. It does not imply that a contributory cause has been established.
PERIE
Problem, Etiology, Recommendations, Implementation, and Evaluation.
Burdon of disease
an analysis of the morbidity and mortality produced by disease.
Morbidity
the frequency of impairments or disability produced by a disease or other condition
Mortality
the frequency of deaths produced by a disease or other condition
Course of a disease
a description of a disease or other condition often using incidence, prevalence and case-fatality
the group of people who have a chance or probability of developing a disease
At risk population
Incidence rate
The chances of occurrence of a disease or other condition over a period of time, usually one year; the total number of new cases of an event over by the sum of the person-time of the at-risk population.
Prevalence rate
number of individuals who have a disease at a particular point in time divided by the number of individuals who could potentially have the disease
True rate
a measurement that has a numerator that is a subset of the denominator and a unit of time, such as a day or a year, over which the number of events in the numerator is measured
Etiology
the cause of a disease or health condition
Distribution of disease
how a disease is spread out in a population, often using factors such as persons, place and time
Associations
the occurrence together of two factors, such as a risk factor and a disease, more often than expected by chance alone
Risk indicators
A characteristic such as gender or age, that is associated with an outcome but is not considered a contributory cause
an association observed in the data that is actually the result of the method of data collection
Artificial association
RE-AIM
Evaluation process:
Reach
Effectiveness
Adoption
Intervention
Maintenace
Health communication
the full range of uses of information in health, from data collection to decision making
collection of health data as the basis for monitoring and understanding health problems, generating hypotheses about etiology, and evaluating the success of intervention
Public health surveillance
a population health status measure that summarizes the impact of death in an entire population utilizing the probability of death at each age of life in a particular year in a particular population
Life expectancy
Disability adjusted life year (DALY)
a population health status measure that incorporates measures of death and disability and allows for measurement of the impact of categories of disease and risk factors
Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
a population health status measure that combines life expectancy with a measure of the population’s overall quality of life
Health-related Quality of life (HRQOL)
a health status measure that reflects the number of unhealthy days due to physical plus mental impairment. HRQOL provides an overall quality of health measure, but it does not incorporate the impact of death
the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
Health literacy
perception of an increase in the probability of occurrence of an event due to its ease of being able to be visualized and its feared consequences
Dread effect
perception of increased probability of occurrence of an event due to the perceived inability of an individual to control or prevent the event from occurring
Uncontrollability effect
a process that compares the outcomes of two or more interventions based on principles of expected utility
Decision analysis
Utility scale
a scale that goes from zero to one, with zero reflecting immediate death and one reflecting full health. This scale is used to measure the value or importance that an individual or a group of places in a particular outcomes
Quality adjusted life years (QALYs)
a measurement that asks about the number of life-years saved by an intervention rather than the number of lives
Health equity
When all people have the opportunity to attain their full health potential and no is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of his or her social position or other socially determined circumstances
Health inequity
a difference or disparity in health outcomes that is systematic, avoidable, and unjust
Health inequalities
differences, variations, and disparities in the health achievements of individuals and groups of people
