Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the three levels of behavior change?
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
- Population and
Community
What are the
elements of the
Health Belief
Model?
Modifying Factors (Age, gender, personality, etc)
Individual Beliefs
Action
What does the
Health Belief
Model tell us
about behavior
change?
Behavior change is
contingent upon
intrapersonal factors
(what/how the person
themselves believes
they have the ability
to change)
What are the
elements of the
Stages of Change
Model? (behavioral change)
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
What is the Social
Cognitive/Learning Theory?
Both personal factors
and the environment
influence behavior
i.e., learning occurs
through experience and
through observation of
other people
What is the
Belmont Report
and what is
outlined in it?
Outlines essential
principles of
ethics of human
participation in
research
- Respect for
persons,
beneficence, +
justice
What occurred
in the Tuskegee
Syphilis study?
-Forced participation in
study on “Bad Blood”
- Injected syphilis into black
men
- Researchers still did not
give penicillin after
participants were suffering
+ dying for years +
penicillin became main
treatment
- Abuse in research!
What are the
philosophical
frameworks and
their definitions?
1) Liberalism
a) Rights of individuals
should be reflected in any
health law/policy
2) Utilitarianism
a) Achieve greatest benefit
for greatest number of
individuals
3) Communitarianism
a) Actions should
reinforce/reflect virtuous
lives
What is the
difference
between social
justice + market
justice?
Social justice = shared
responsibility for health
of one another
Market justice =
healthcare is for the
economic good +
depends on the
individual
Name the four
types of laws and
distinguish them
from one another
- Constitutional Law - grant
rights - Legislative Statutes/Law -
laws often placing
requirements, prohibition, or
funding to future activities;
passed by a legislative body - Administrative Regulations -
specifies the scope of a
law/statute - Judicial Law - decides
constitutionality of federal law
based on a specific case
What is the
health in all
policies
approach?
An “overarching
framework for
integrating health
issues” across agencies
and policies related to
and not related to
health so as to
continuously consider
the health of the people
What are the
three types of
individual
decision-making?
1)Inform of
decision
2)Informed
consent
3)Shared decision
making
What are the six
sources of public
health data?
1) Single case / small series
2) Statistics (Vital) +
reportable diseases
3) Surveys - sampling
4) Self-reporting
5) Sentinel monitoring
6) Syndromic surveillance
What is included on
the U.S. Census of
everyone living in
the United States?
Information on
housing,
demographics,
occupation
What is the
American
Community Survey?
Survey conducted
monthly on topics not
on the US Census,
including: education,
employment,
transportation, internet
access, additional
housing information,
etc.
Health Communications
Methods of collecting, compiling, and presenting health information; how we perceive and use information for making decisions
Public Health Surveillance
Ways to collect public health data: case studies, vital statistics, surveys, media, and more
Vital Statistics
Quantitative data about the population: births, deaths, marriages etc
Population Health status measures
measurements that summarize health of a population
What two measures became standard for summarizing the health status of a population?
Infant mortality rate and life expectancy
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy
Incorporates measurements of quality of life into life expectancy (mobility, self care, pain, mood)
Quality of Life measurement (out of 100%) x Life Expectancy
Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy
Ways to measure years of life lost from diseases
What should we look for in evaluating the quality of health-related information available on the internet and other public sources?
Is it easy to navigate?
Are the authors clearly identified/ do they have health credentials?
Is the information easy to understand?
Can you tell the difference between fact and opinion?
Is the info current?
Is your privacy protected?
What factors are known to affect perception of public health information?
Dread effect
Unfamiliarity effect
Uncontrollability effect
How do the social and behavioral sciences contribute to public health practice?
“Social Justice as an integral part of Public Health”
Both believe that understanding the organization and motivation behind social forces, along with understanding of the behavior of individuals, can be used to improve the lives of individuals/society as a whole
How does socioeconomic status affect personal and population health?
Strong association between life expectancy and income; Economic wealth creates better conditions for health
What are the elements of socio-economic status?
Family income, educational level/parents’ educational level, employment status
Health Law
Address issues of access and quality of health care
What other social factors explain differences between individuals and groups in their health and response to disease?
Social practices, response to syndromes, “acceptable” interventions, response to disease
Culture/Religion could affect
Public Health
Includes government efforts to provide services (food and drug laws)
Is Health Care a right?
nah fam
Why are some individual health behaviors easier to change than others?
Easier to change a behavior that can be easily substituted with another one; Most difficult behaviors to change are those with physiological components (obesity, addiction)
Physical, social, and economic conditions can barrier change
Police power
Allows states to pass legislation to protect the common good
Legislative laws/statutes
Written by legislative bodies at local, state, and federal levels; Statues: address health issues or authorize governmental regulation, Legislative laws: requirements or prohibition on future activities
Bioethics
Application of morals to controversial areas
Constitutional Law
Includes the US Constitution and constitutions of each state
Inform of Decision
Clinician has all information to make best choice possible for you
Shared Decision Making
Clinician provides information and patient makes full decision. Info could be media articles, consultations, etc. More on patient to make the fully educated choice.
Informed Consent
Patient has all information about a process and is able to make their own educated choice for big procedures. Recommendation for best options made by clinician.
