Exam 2

Question 1

What are the three levels of behavior change?

Answer 1

1. Intrapersonal
2. Interpersonal
3. Population and
   Community

Question 2

What are the
elements of the
Health Belief
Model?

Answer 2

Modifying Factors (Age, gender, personality, etc)
Individual Beliefs
Action

Question 3

What does the
Health Belief
Model tell us
about behavior
change?

Answer 3

Behavior change is
contingent upon
intrapersonal factors
(what/how the person
themselves believes
they have the ability
to change)

Question 4

What are the
elements of the
Stages of Change
Model? (behavioral change)

Answer 4

Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse

Question 5

What is the Social
Cognitive/Learning Theory?

Answer 5

Both personal factors
and the environment
influence behavior
i.e., learning occurs
through experience and
through observation of
other people

Question 6

What is the
Belmont Report
and what is
outlined in it?

Answer 6

Outlines essential
principles of
ethics of human
participation in
research
- Respect for
persons,
beneficence, +
justice

Question 7

What occurred
in the Tuskegee
Syphilis study?

Answer 7

-Forced participation in
study on “Bad Blood”
- Injected syphilis into black
men
- Researchers still did not
give penicillin after
participants were suffering
+ dying for years +
penicillin became main
treatment
- Abuse in research!

Question 8

What are the
philosophical
frameworks and
their definitions?

Answer 8

1) Liberalism
a) Rights of individuals
should be reflected in any
health law/policy
2) Utilitarianism
a) Achieve greatest benefit
for greatest number of
individuals
3) Communitarianism
a) Actions should
reinforce/reflect virtuous
lives

Question 9

What is the
difference
between social
justice + market
justice?

Answer 9

Social justice = shared
responsibility for health
of one another
Market justice =
healthcare is for the
economic good +
depends on the
individual

Question 10

Name the four
types of laws and
distinguish them
from one another

Answer 10

1. Constitutional Law - grant
   rights
2. Legislative Statutes/Law -
   laws often placing
   requirements, prohibition, or
   funding to future activities;
   passed by a legislative body
3. Administrative Regulations -
   specifies the scope of a
   law/statute
4. Judicial Law - decides
   constitutionality of federal law
   based on a specific case

Question 11

What is the
health in all
policies
approach?

Answer 11

An “overarching
framework for
integrating health
issues” across agencies
and policies related to
and not related to
health so as to
continuously consider
the health of the people

Question 12

What are the
three types of
individual
decision-making?

Answer 12

1)Inform of
decision
2)Informed
consent
3)Shared decision
making

Question 13

What are the six
sources of public
health data?

Answer 13

1) Single case / small series
2) Statistics (Vital) +
reportable diseases
3) Surveys - sampling
4) Self-reporting
5) Sentinel monitoring
6) Syndromic surveillance

Question 14

What is included on
the U.S. Census of
everyone living in
the United States?

Answer 14

Information on
housing,
demographics,
occupation

Question 15

What is the
American
Community Survey?

Answer 15

Survey conducted
monthly on topics not
on the US Census,
including: education,
employment,
transportation, internet
access, additional
housing information,
etc.

Question 16

Health Communications

Answer 16

Methods of collecting, compiling, and presenting health information; how we perceive and use information for making decisions

Question 17

Public Health Surveillance

Answer 17

Ways to collect public health data: case studies, vital statistics, surveys, media, and more

Question 18

Vital Statistics

Answer 18

Quantitative data about the population: births, deaths, marriages etc

Question 19

Population Health status measures

Answer 19

measurements that summarize health of a population

Question 20

What two measures became standard for summarizing the health status of a population?

Answer 20

Infant mortality rate and life expectancy

Question 21

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy

Answer 21

Incorporates measurements of quality of life into life expectancy (mobility, self care, pain, mood)
Quality of Life measurement (out of 100%) x Life Expectancy

Question 22

Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy

Answer 22

Ways to measure years of life lost from diseases

Question 23

What should we look for in evaluating the quality of health-related information available on the internet and other public sources?

Answer 23

Is it easy to navigate?
Are the authors clearly identified/ do they have health credentials?
Is the information easy to understand?
Can you tell the difference between fact and opinion?
Is the info current?
Is your privacy protected?

Question 24

What factors are known to affect perception of public health information?

Answer 24

Dread effect
Unfamiliarity effect
Uncontrollability effect

Question 24

How do the social and behavioral sciences contribute to public health practice?

Answer 24

“Social Justice as an integral part of Public Health”
Both believe that understanding the organization and motivation behind social forces, along with understanding of the behavior of individuals, can be used to improve the lives of individuals/society as a whole

Question 25

How does socioeconomic status affect personal and population health?

Answer 25

Strong association between life expectancy and income; Economic wealth creates better conditions for health

Question 25

What are the elements of socio-economic status?

Answer 25

Family income, educational level/parents’ educational level, employment status

Question 26

Health Law

Answer 26

Address issues of access and quality of health care

Question 26

What other social factors explain differences between individuals and groups in their health and response to disease?

Answer 26

Social practices, response to syndromes, “acceptable” interventions, response to disease
Culture/Religion could affect

Question 27

Public Health

Answer 27

Includes government efforts to provide services (food and drug laws)

Question 28

Is Health Care a right?

Answer 28

nah fam

Question 29

Why are some individual health behaviors easier to change than others?

Answer 29

Easier to change a behavior that can be easily substituted with another one; Most difficult behaviors to change are those with physiological components (obesity, addiction)

Physical, social, and economic conditions can barrier change

Question 30

Police power

Answer 30

Allows states to pass legislation to protect the common good

Question 30

Legislative laws/statutes

Answer 30

Written by legislative bodies at local, state, and federal levels; Statues: address health issues or authorize governmental regulation, Legislative laws: requirements or prohibition on future activities

Question 31

Bioethics

Answer 31

Application of morals to controversial areas

Question 32

Constitutional Law

Answer 32

Includes the US Constitution and constitutions of each state

Question 33

Inform of Decision

Answer 33

Clinician has all information to make best choice possible for you

Question 34

Shared Decision Making

Answer 34

Clinician provides information and patient makes full decision. Info could be media articles, consultations, etc. More on patient to make the fully educated choice.

Question 34

Informed Consent

Answer 34

Patient has all information about a process and is able to make their own educated choice for big procedures. Recommendation for best options made by clinician.