STUDY Flashcards
STUDY
Atmosphere
thin gaseous envelope surrounding solid earth
Hydrosphere
Includes oceans, freshwater bodies, glacial ice and moisture in atmosphere
Geosphere
thin solid earth that extends from the surface to the center of the planet
Biosphere
includes all life on earth
Electrons
negative charge atom, -1, found in outer shell of atom
Protons
positive charged atom, +1, found in nucleus of atoms
Neutron
negative charged atoms, 0, found in nucleus of atom
Chemical Element
a substance consisting of only one type of atom
why do chemical bonds form?
atoms are trying to reach the most stable state that they can
valence electrons
electrons involved in chemical bonding
What needs to happen to make an atom most stable?
eight valence electrons to have a full outer shell
What do atoms do to obtain a stable electron configuration?
Sharing valence electrons
Maximum number of valence electrons in the outermost shell
8
How many electrons do atoms of an elements will need to gain or lose in order to become stable
8 electrons
Ions
any atom with a net electrical charge
What happens with the far left Sid of the periodic table?
They form positive ions
What tends to happen on the right side of the periodic table?
They tend to form negative ions
Why don’t noble gases from chemical bonds with other atoms?
They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons
Ionic Bonds
a chemical bond in which valence electrons are transferred
Metallic Bonds
a chemical bond in which positively charged metal ions are held together by a fluid of electrons
Covalent Bonds
a chemical bond in which valence electrons are shared an overlap of outer electron shells
Molecules
made from two or more chemically bonded atoms
Compounds
a substance consisted of chemically bonded atoms of different elements
Polar Covalent Bond
elections are unequally shared between atoms
Non Polar Covalent Bond
when electrons are more equally shared between atoms
What elements have a stronger pull on electrons?
elements toward the right side have a stronger pull on electrons than left side
What is the structure of the water molecule and what holds it together?
structure of water: two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Held together by a covalent bond between h and o atoms
Why do polar water molecules have strong attractions between one another?
Because they have a partial negative and positive charge on each end
Dipoles
a separation of charge due to an unequal attraction of bonding electrons
How do dipoles determine certain properties certain properties of water?
allows it to have particularly stronger intermolecular forces of attraction
What do attractions between polar water molecules give to water?
water cohesion
Why do non polar substances like o2 and n2 have lower solubility in water?
because they do not have dipoles which would attract water molecules
why do non polar substances such as o2 or n2 have lower boiling points
weaker attractions between molecules
what do ionic compounds do such as salt
ionic compounds attract water molecules and can be easily dissolved
what is considered a universal solvent?
water
thermal energy
energy matter has due to the vibration of atoms and molecules
temperature
quantity that indicates how warm or cold an object is relative to some standard
heat
the thermal energy transferred from one thing to another due to temp difference
What is specific heat capacity?
the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree c
water has a high specific hear, elaborate
due to strength of hydrogen bonds
heat always flow from hot to cold elaborate
2nd law of thermodynamics- physical law that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter.
effect of thermal expansion
changes the space between particles of a substances which changes volume of substance while changing its mass
conduction
transfer of heat resulting from collision between particles
convection
transfer of heat by the motion of heat of fluid as it rises and sinks
radiation
energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light
electromagnetic waves
a wide spectrum of radiant energy which includes visible light
What happens when materials absorbs shorter wavelength radiation?
materials will emit longer wavelength
Evaporation
process by which liquid turns into gas
Sublimation
process by which molecules jump directly from the solid to the gas phase
Condensation
changing from gas to liquid
boiling
when liquid beneath the surface changes to a gas forming bubbles that rise to the surface
what happens to temperature during a phase change
temperature remains constant
what happens to energy during melting and vaporization
energy is absorbed
what happens to energy during condensation and freezing
energy is released
melting
when a solid changes to a liquid phase
freezing
when liquid changes to a solid phase
heat of fusion
energy required for complete melting equals to energy released during complete freezing
heat of vaporization
energy required for transformation of liquid to gas equals energy released from transformation of gas to liquid
difference between heat of vaporization and heat of fusion
heat of vaporization is very high and much greater than heat of fusion
what is the common salt in seawater
NaCi
salinity
total amount of dissolved material in water
how is salinity measured
parts per thousand or per mil
how is salinity affected by:
evaporation, precipitation, ice melt and river runoff
evaporation: increases salinity
precipitation, ice melt and river runoff:
decreases salinity
why does seawater in the subtropics have a greater salinity than seawater at equator
more evaporation in subtropics
how does temperature and salinity affect density of seawater
high salinity equals higher density
different layers of oceans
surface mixed zone, sun warmed zone, zone or mixing, shallow
pycnocline
region in which there is a rapid change in density between 300 m 100m
how does seawater temperature vary with depth and latitude
water becomes colder with increasing depth, higher latitudes receive less sunlight
thermocline
region in which there is a rapid change in temp between 300 m and 100m
what is the significance of thermocline from marine life
forms a vertical barrier to many forms of marine life
what is the primary driving force of surface currents
global wind systems that fueled by energy from the sun
gyres
large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces crated by earths rotation
how is the direction of rotations of gyres influenced?
coriolus effect- a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force caused by rotation of earth
how do ocean currents affect the climate?
transferring warmer water from equator to higher latitudes as well as deliver cool water to regions
costal upwelling
if surface waters are forced away from shore by current then colder water from the deep ocean can rise to the surface
deep ocean circulation
driven by density difference due to variations in salinity and temperature
tides
change in level of ocean surface caused by gravitational pull of the moon and sun, most from moon on earths oceans
spring tides
moon and sun in alignment with earth, equals greater high tides and greater low tides
neap tides
moon and sun pulling at right angles to one another equals less variation in tides
ocean waves
transfer of energy across ocean surface due to friction with win moving over the surface
plankton
floaters at top of ocean, limited to no location
nekton
all animals capable of moving independently of the oceans currents
Bethos
bottom dwellers
what makes up most of the earths biomass
plankton
what makes up the fundamental food sources in the ocean
phytoplankton
three classification schemes for dividing the ocean into life zones
pelagic zone- open ocean of any depth
benthic zone- includes any sea bottom surface
abyssal zone- subdivison on benthic zone
