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Oceanography > STUDY > Flashcards

STUDY Flashcards

STUDY

1
Q

Atmosphere

A

thin gaseous envelope surrounding solid earth

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1
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Includes oceans, freshwater bodies, glacial ice and moisture in atmosphere

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2
Q

Geosphere

A

thin solid earth that extends from the surface to the center of the planet

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3
Q

Biosphere

A

includes all life on earth

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4
Q

Electrons

A

negative charge atom, -1, found in outer shell of atom

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5
Q

Protons

A

positive charged atom, +1, found in nucleus of atoms

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6
Q

Neutron

A

negative charged atoms, 0, found in nucleus of atom

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7
Q

Chemical Element

A

a substance consisting of only one type of atom

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8
Q

why do chemical bonds form?

A

atoms are trying to reach the most stable state that they can

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9
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons involved in chemical bonding

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10
Q

What needs to happen to make an atom most stable?

A

eight valence electrons to have a full outer shell

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11
Q

What do atoms do to obtain a stable electron configuration?

A

Sharing valence electrons

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12
Q

Maximum number of valence electrons in the outermost shell

A

8

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13
Q

How many electrons do atoms of an elements will need to gain or lose in order to become stable

A

8 electrons

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14
Q

Ions

A

any atom with a net electrical charge

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15
Q

What happens with the far left Sid of the periodic table?

A

They form positive ions

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16
Q

What tends to happen on the right side of the periodic table?

A

They tend to form negative ions

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17
Q

Why don’t noble gases from chemical bonds with other atoms?

A

They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons

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18
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

a chemical bond in which valence electrons are transferred

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19
Q

Metallic Bonds

A

a chemical bond in which positively charged metal ions are held together by a fluid of electrons

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20
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

a chemical bond in which valence electrons are shared an overlap of outer electron shells

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21
Q

Molecules

A

made from two or more chemically bonded atoms

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22
Q

Compounds

A

a substance consisted of chemically bonded atoms of different elements

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23
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

elections are unequally shared between atoms

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24
Q

Non Polar Covalent Bond

A

when electrons are more equally shared between atoms

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25
Q

What elements have a stronger pull on electrons?

A

elements toward the right side have a stronger pull on electrons than left side

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26
Q

What is the structure of the water molecule and what holds it together?

A

structure of water: two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Held together by a covalent bond between h and o atoms

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27
Q

Why do polar water molecules have strong attractions between one another?

A

Because they have a partial negative and positive charge on each end

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28
Q

Dipoles

A

a separation of charge due to an unequal attraction of bonding electrons

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29
Q

How do dipoles determine certain properties certain properties of water?

A

allows it to have particularly stronger intermolecular forces of attraction

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30
Q

What do attractions between polar water molecules give to water?

A

water cohesion

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31
Q

Why do non polar substances like o2 and n2 have lower solubility in water?

A

because they do not have dipoles which would attract water molecules

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32
Q

why do non polar substances such as o2 or n2 have lower boiling points

A

weaker attractions between molecules

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33
Q

what do ionic compounds do such as salt

A

ionic compounds attract water molecules and can be easily dissolved

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34
Q

what is considered a universal solvent?

A

water

34
Q

thermal energy

A

energy matter has due to the vibration of atoms and molecules

35
Q

temperature

A

quantity that indicates how warm or cold an object is relative to some standard

36
Q

heat

A

the thermal energy transferred from one thing to another due to temp difference

37
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree c

38
Q

water has a high specific hear, elaborate

A

due to strength of hydrogen bonds

39
Q

heat always flow from hot to cold elaborate

A

2nd law of thermodynamics- physical law that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter.

40
Q

effect of thermal expansion

A

changes the space between particles of a substances which changes volume of substance while changing its mass

41
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat resulting from collision between particles

42
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by the motion of heat of fluid as it rises and sinks

43
Q

radiation

A

energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light

44
Q

electromagnetic waves

A

a wide spectrum of radiant energy which includes visible light

45
Q

What happens when materials absorbs shorter wavelength radiation?

A

materials will emit longer wavelength

46
Q

Evaporation

A

process by which liquid turns into gas

47
Q

Sublimation

A

process by which molecules jump directly from the solid to the gas phase

48
Q

Condensation

A

changing from gas to liquid

49
Q

boiling

A

when liquid beneath the surface changes to a gas forming bubbles that rise to the surface

50
Q

what happens to temperature during a phase change

A

temperature remains constant

51
Q

what happens to energy during melting and vaporization

A

energy is absorbed

52
Q

what happens to energy during condensation and freezing

A

energy is released

53
Q

melting

A

when a solid changes to a liquid phase

54
Q

freezing

A

when liquid changes to a solid phase

54
Q

heat of fusion

A

energy required for complete melting equals to energy released during complete freezing

55
Q

heat of vaporization

A

energy required for transformation of liquid to gas equals energy released from transformation of gas to liquid

56
Q

difference between heat of vaporization and heat of fusion

A

heat of vaporization is very high and much greater than heat of fusion

57
Q

what is the common salt in seawater

A

NaCi

58
Q

salinity

A

total amount of dissolved material in water

59
Q

how is salinity measured

A

parts per thousand or per mil

60
Q

how is salinity affected by:
evaporation, precipitation, ice melt and river runoff

A

evaporation: increases salinity
precipitation, ice melt and river runoff:
decreases salinity

61
Q

why does seawater in the subtropics have a greater salinity than seawater at equator

A

more evaporation in subtropics

62
Q

how does temperature and salinity affect density of seawater

A

high salinity equals higher density

63
Q

different layers of oceans

A

surface mixed zone, sun warmed zone, zone or mixing, shallow

64
Q

pycnocline

A

region in which there is a rapid change in density between 300 m 100m

65
Q

how does seawater temperature vary with depth and latitude

A

water becomes colder with increasing depth, higher latitudes receive less sunlight

66
Q

thermocline

A

region in which there is a rapid change in temp between 300 m and 100m

67
Q

what is the significance of thermocline from marine life

A

forms a vertical barrier to many forms of marine life

68
Q

what is the primary driving force of surface currents

A

global wind systems that fueled by energy from the sun

68
Q

gyres

A

large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces crated by earths rotation

69
Q

how is the direction of rotations of gyres influenced?

A

coriolus effect- a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force caused by rotation of earth

70
Q

how do ocean currents affect the climate?

A

transferring warmer water from equator to higher latitudes as well as deliver cool water to regions

71
Q

costal upwelling

A

if surface waters are forced away from shore by current then colder water from the deep ocean can rise to the surface

72
Q

deep ocean circulation

A

driven by density difference due to variations in salinity and temperature

73
Q

tides

A

change in level of ocean surface caused by gravitational pull of the moon and sun, most from moon on earths oceans

74
Q

spring tides

A

moon and sun in alignment with earth, equals greater high tides and greater low tides

75
Q

neap tides

A

moon and sun pulling at right angles to one another equals less variation in tides

76
Q

ocean waves

A

transfer of energy across ocean surface due to friction with win moving over the surface

77
Q

plankton

A

floaters at top of ocean, limited to no location

78
Q

nekton

A

all animals capable of moving independently of the oceans currents

79
Q

Bethos

A

bottom dwellers

80
Q

what makes up most of the earths biomass

A

plankton

81
Q

what makes up the fundamental food sources in the ocean

A

phytoplankton

82
Q

three classification schemes for dividing the ocean into life zones

A

pelagic zone- open ocean of any depth
benthic zone- includes any sea bottom surface
abyssal zone- subdivison on benthic zone

Oceanography (2 decks)

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