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Oceanography > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

mantle

A

a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust

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2
Q

crust

A

thin outer, rocky layer of earth
thicker crust is more elevated than thinner crust

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3
Q

core

A

the very hot, very dense center of our planet

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4
Q

lithosphere

A

rigid, relatively cool outermost shell that consists of the crust and the uppermost mantle
- average thickness of 100 km
- more than 250 km thick below oldest portions of continents

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5
Q

asthenosphere

A
  • soft relatively weak layer of the mantle
  • temp/pressure conditions are such that rock is near its melting point and is easily deformed
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6
Q

lower mantle

A

lower relatively more rigid layer of the mantle
- increasing pressure results in increasingly stronger rocks between 660 km and 2900 km
- still some deformation of rocks

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7
Q

outer core

A

liquid shell of iron nickel alloy that is 2260 km thick
- the flow of metallic iron in this zone generates the earths magnetic field

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8
Q

inner core

A

solid sphere of iron nickel alloy with a radius of 1216 km
- temperatures high enough to melt iron but the immense pressure compresses it into a solid state

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9
Q

continental crust

A

the outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere that makes up the planet’s continents and continental shelves

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10
Q

theory of plate tectonics

A
  • the earths lithosphere is broken into numerous slabs called tectonic plates
  • the plates are in continual motion, 2 inches per year
  • rigid lithosphere plates move about on the asthenosphere which is softer and capable of gradual flow
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10
Q

oceanic crust

A

the part of the Earth’s crust that makes up the seafloor

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11
Q

bathymetry

A

measurement of ocean depths and charting of the ocean floor topography

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12
Q

passive continental margins

A

are not
associated with tectonic plate boundaries.
Includes the continental shelf, slope and rise.

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13
Q

continental shelf

A

the gently sloping, submerged perimeter of
a continent.
– Very gentle slope: 2 m per km (0.1 °)

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14
Q

continental slope

A

a relatively steep structure that
marks the transition from continental to oceanic crust

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15
Q

turbidity currents

A

gradual incline extending from the base of the continental
slope to the deep-ocean basin

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16
Q

continental rise

A

gradual incline extending from the base of the continental
slope to the deep-ocean basin.

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17
Q

active continental margins

A

areas where oceanic
lithosphere is being subducted beneath the leading edge
of a continent.

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18
Q

deep ocean trenches

A

Surface expressions of subduction zones are

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19
Q

subduction zone

A

areas where oceanic lithosphere is descending
(being subducted) into the underlying asthenosphere

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20
Q

volcanic arcs

A

arc-shaped chain of volcanoes that forms
adjacent to a subduction zone.

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21
Q

hotspot

A

areas of volcanism and high heat
flow associated with a rising plume of hot
mantle material

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22
Q

accretionary wedge

A

sediments and pieces of oceanic crust
scraped from descending plate and plastered against edge of
the overriding continent

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22
Q

how guyots and atolls form

A
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23
Q

seamounts

A
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24
Q

divergent plate boundaries are located

A
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25
Q

plates pulling apart=

A
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26
Q

why are mid ocean ridges elevated

A

a broad linear mountain system associated with a well developed plate boundary

27
Q

paleomagnetism

A

study of the record of earths magnetic filed preserved in rocks

28
Q

seafloor basalts recorded??

A
29
Q

paleomagnetism provided??

A
30
Q

what causes seasons?

A

When the earth’s axis points towards the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere. When the earth’s axis points away, winter can be expected.

31
Q

why do higher latitudes receive less solar radiation?

A

curvature of the earth, angle of solar radiation is smaller

32
Q

absorption

A

conversion to thermal equals increasing temperature

33
Q

reflection

A

radiation bounces back from an object at the same angle

34
Q

scattering

A

a beam of light is broken into a large number of weaker waves traveling in different directions

35
Q

atmosphere is a selective absorber of?

A
36
Q

how do greenhouse effect work

A

without the greenhouse effects earths average temp would be -18 c

37
Q

albedo

A

the fraction of the total radiation that is reflected by a surface

38
Q

how does albedo influence air temp

A

low albedo surfaces meet more infrared radiation which heats the air above
high albedo surfaces reflect visible light which does not heat the air above

39
Q

why air temp above water us less variable than air temp above land

A
40
Q

how air temp is affected by
altitude

A
41
Q

how air temp is affected by
inland areas vs coastal areas

A
42
Q

how air temp is affected by
differences in latitude (polar vs tropical)

A
43
Q

how will cloud cover will have on night and day temps

A
43
Q

what the most abundant gas is in atmosphere

A

nitrogen

44
Q

2nd most abundant gas in atmosphere

A

oxygen

45
Q

aerosols

A

suspended microscopic solid and liquid particles

46
Q

what is a ozone and why is it so important

A

concentrated in the stratosphere
- blocks out harmful uv radiation from the sun making earth habitable for life

47
Q

how emissions of cfcs by human activity is harmful to the ozone layer

A
48
Q

atmospheric pressure

A
49
Q

air pressure decreases when?

A
50
Q

4 layers of atmosphere from lowest to highest

A
  • troposphere
  • stratosphere
  • mesosphere
    -thermosphere
    -exosphere
51
Q

environmental lapse rate

A

The rate at which the air temperature changes with height in the atmosphere surrounding a cloud or a rising parcel of air.

52
Q

evaporation vs condensation of water

A
53
Q

how is relative humidity is calculated

A
54
Q

dew point temp

A

temp the air needs to be cooled in order to achieve a relative humidity

55
Q

orographic lifting

A

change to airflow when the elevated terrain such as mountains forces air upward

56
Q

cumulus

A

have the appearance of rising domes or towers and typically have a flat base

57
Q

stratus

A

layer or sheet like clouds that cover much or all of the sky

58
Q

cirrus

A

high thin clouds composed of ice crystals

59
Q

precipitation

A

water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, or hail

60
Q

rain

A

drops of water produced by cumulonimbus and nimbostratus

61
Q

drizzle

A

liquid water drops that are smaller than those of rain

62
Q

snow

A

ice crystals or clumps of crystals that fall from clouds

63
Q

sleet

A

small pellets of ice that forms when raindrops fall through a subfreezing layers of air

64
Q

glaze

A

a coating of ice generally clear and smooth formed on exposed objects by supercooled water droplets

65
Q

hail

A

precipitation in the form of hard rounded pellets or irregular lumps of ice

66
Q

how does a thunderstorm form large hailstones?

A

when raindrops are carried upward by thunderstorm updrafts into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere and freeze.

Oceanography (2 decks)

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