Studietaak 4. Informatieverwerkingstheorie Flashcards
Verbal learning
The gradual strengthening of associations between verbal stimuli.
Factors affecting the ease of learning
- Meaningfulness
- Degree of similarity
- Length of time separating study trials
Types of learning tasks employed by verbal learning researchers
- Serial learning
- Paired-associate learning
- Free-recall learning
Serial learning
People recall verbal stimuli in the order in which they were presented.
Paired-associate learning
One stimulus is provided for one response item.
Three aspects:
- Discriminating among the stimuli
- Learning the responses
- Learning which responses accompany which stimuli
Free-recall learning
Learners are presented with a list of items and recall them in any order.
Categorical clustering
Learners typically group words presented apart on a list, often based on similar meaning or membership in the same category.
Gestalt theory
The view that learning is not a response to isolated stimuli, but a process of perceiving relationships and structures in a situation.
People are active processors who naturally organise their experiences into coherent wholes.
A whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Meaningfulness of Perception (Gestalt theory)
The brain transforms objective reality into mental events, organised as meaningful wholes.
Meaningful perception and insight only occur through conscious awareness.
Principles of organisation (Gestalt theory)
- Principle of figure-ground relation
- Principle of proximity
- Principle of similarity
- Principle of common directions
- Principle of simplicity
- Principle of closure
Principle of figure-ground relation
People naturally separate objects (figures) from their background (ground). What is focused on becomes the “figure”.
Principle of proximity
Elements in a perceptual field are viewed as belonging together according to their closeness to one another in space or time.
Principle of similarity
Elements similar in aspects such as size or colour are perceived as belonging together. This can be outweighed by proximity.
Principle of common directions
Elements appearing to constitute a pattern or flow in the same direction are perceived as a figure.
Principle of simplicity
People organise their perceptual fields in simple, regular features and tend to form good Gestalts comprising symmetry and regularity.
Principle of closure
People fill in incomplete patterns or experiences.
A Gestalt
An integrated form; a whole greater than the sum of its parts.
The configuration is meaningful, not the individual parts.
Two-store Memory Model
Proposes two types of information storage: long term and short term.
