Studietaak 2. Leertheorieën, leren en kennisopvattingen

Question 1

Definition of learning (Schunk)

Answer 1

An enduring change in behaviour, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience.

Question 2

Epistemology

Answer 2

The study of the origin, nature, limits and methods of knowledge

Question 3

Rationalism

Answer 3

Reflects the idea that knowledge derives from the mind.

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

Reflects the idea that experience is the only source of knowledge.

Question 5

Structuralism

Answer 5

Aimed to analyse the structure of the human mind by breaking down conscious experience into basic components through introspection.

Question 6

Functionalism

Answer 6

Aimed to analyse the function of the human mind by examaning how the mind and behaviours interact with the environment.

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

A scientifically acceptable set of principles offered to explain a phenomenon

Question 8

Hypothesis

Answer 8

Assumptions that can be empirically tested. A theory is strengthened when the hypothesis is supported by data.

Question 9

Correlational research

Answer 9

Deals with exploring relations between variables. One limitation is that it cannot determine cause and effect.

Question 10

Experimental research

Answer 10

One or more (independent) variables are altered and the effects on other (dependent) variables are assessed. Often narrow in scope.

Question 11

Qualitative research

Answer 11

Intensive study, description of events and interpretation of meanings. Used when focus lies on perspectives of individuals, the structure of events, or when experiments are impractical or unethical.

Question 12

Paradigms

Answer 12

A pattern or model

Question 13

Mixed methods research

Answer 13

A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods that can often lead to new questions or insights.

Question 14

Laboratory research

Answer 14

Conducted in a controlled setting.

Question 15

Field research

Answer 15

Conducted where participants live, work or attend school.

Question 16

Direct observations

Answer 16

Observing behaviour to assess whether learning has occurred.

Question 17

Written responses

Answer 17

Focus on cognitive aspects of learning, such as comprehension and reasoning, to assess learning.

Question 18

Oral responses

Answer 18

Can be used to evaluate learners’ understanding, reasoning and communications skills. Used for real-time evaluation.

Question 19

Rating by others

Answer 19

Ratings by peers, teachers or experts who have observed the skills and behaviours of the learner through predefined criteria.

Question 20

Self-reports

Answer 20

Can capture internal thoughts and self-perceptions. They are mostly useful in measuring motivation, attitudes and self-efficiancy.

Question 21

Educational data mining

Answer 21

The tools and techniques used to find meanings in large data repositories generated during learners’ activities.

Question 22

CSLE’s

Answer 22

Computer-supported learning environments

Question 23

LMS’s

Answer 23

Learning management systems

Question 24

Learning analytics

Answer 24

The use of learner-generated data and analysis models in discovering how students learn and connect with one another, for the purpose of predicting future learning.

Question 25

Assessment criteria

Answer 25

Reliability, validity and absence of bias

Question 26

Reliability

Answer 26

Consistency of assessment. The assessment will produce comparable results if given on different occasions with no intervening events that can influence learning.

Question 27

Validity

Answer 27

The extent that evidence supports the accuracy of interpretations about students. Does not pertain to the assessment itself.

Question 28

Absence of bias

Answer 28

An assessment is free of qualities that offend or penalise students because of their group characteristics.

Question 29

Value-added assessment

Answer 29

Attempts to determine the causes of students' learning progress.

Question 30

Behaviorism

Answer 30

Behaviour theories contend that learning involves the formation of associations between stimuli and responses.

Question 31

Cognitive theories

Answer 31

Stress the construction of knowledge and skills, the development of mental structures and memory networks, and the cognitive processing of information and beliefs.

Question 32

How does learning occur? Behaviour vs. cognitive theories

Answer 32

Both agree that differences among learners and in the environment can affect learning, however: Behaviour theories emphasise the role of the environment, such as reinforcement history and developmental status. Cognitive theories stress the role of contexts and environmental conditions, such as instructional explanations and what students do with knowledge; how they process it and how they learn.

Question 33

How does memory function? Behaviour vs. cognitive theories

Answer 33

Behaviour theories view memory as the formation of habitual ways of responding with little attention to how these behaviour patterns are retained in memory and activated by external events. Forgetting is caused by a lack of responding over time. Cognitive theories equate memory with encoding. Knowledge is retrieved from memory in response to relevant cues that activate the appropriate memory structures. Forgetting is the inability to retrieve knowledge from memory due to interference, memory loss or inadequate cues to access information.

Question 34

What is the role of motivation? Behaviour vs. cognitive theories

Answer 34

Behaviour theories see motivation as an increased rate of probability of occurrence of behaviour, which results from repeating behaviours in response to stimuli or as a consequence of reinforcement. Cognitive theories see motivation as related but not identical. Motivation helps to direct attention and influences how knowledge is constructed.

Question 35

Transfer

Answer 35

Knowledge and skill being applied in new ways, with new content, or in situations different from where they were acquired

Question 36

How does transfer occur? Behaviour vs. cognitive theories

Answer 36

Behaviour theories: transfer depends on identical elements or similar features/stimuli between situations. Cognitive theories: Transfer occurs when learners understand how to apply knowledge in different settings.

Question 37

Self-regulated learning

Answer 37

The process whereby learners systematically direct their thoughts, feelings and actions toward the attainment of their learning goals.

Question 38

How does self-regulated learning operate? Behaviour vs. cognitive theories

Answer 38

Behaviour theories: self-regulated learning involves setting up one's own contingencies of reinforcement; i.e. the stimuli to which one responds and the consequences of one's responses. Cognitive theories: A key element in self-regulated learning is choice. For self-regulated learning to occur, learners must have some choice in their motives or methods for learning.