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PSYC1040 > Studies, Variability, Design > Flashcards

Studies, Variability, Design Flashcards

1
Q

What are ways to acquire knowledge?

A

Authority, personal experience, the use of reason (logic), empiricism, science

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2
Q

What is the method of agreement?

A

if X then Y, experimental group

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3
Q

What is the method of disagreement?

A

if not X then not Y, control group

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4
Q

What are the principles of science?

A

Empiricism, objectivity, skepticism, openness, tentativeness, anti-authoritarianism

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5
Q

What is empiricism?

A

Evidence about reality or for theory must be: OBJECTIVE, observable, capable of being checked and verified by others

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6
Q

What is openness?

A

Can be repeated, verifiability via replication

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7
Q

What is tentativeness?

A

Current scientific explanation are only provisional, can change, new and better theories can replace

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8
Q

What is anti-authoritarianism

A

Only those theories that can be supported by empirical evidence are accepted by science and even then acceptance is tentative and open to modification in light of new evidence

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9
Q

What are the goals of science?

A

Describe, explain, predict, control

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10
Q

What are the stages in a psychological research in order?

A

Theory - prediction/ hypothesis - design a study - data 1. summarise: organise, explore, display, summarise 2. analysis: statistics tests (back to theory) - write a report - repeated experiments (back to data) - theory confirmed

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11
Q

What does a prediction have to be? And where is it best tested?

A

Has to be precise, concrete and observable and is best tested in experiments

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12
Q

What is a fundamental scientific controversy?

A

A disagreement about a central hypothesis or theory

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13
Q

What is a secondary scientific controversy?

A

A disagreement about less central aspects of a scientific idea and outcome of this does not impact the validity of the overall theory

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14
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

That they are falsifiable, not circular, do not contain scientific ideas, contain precise definitions of the associated terms and concepts

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15
Q

What is the scientific process?

A

Theory > hypotheses > design a study > data - describe, - analyse (revise theory if needed) > write a report > repeated experiments (not supported back to data) > theory confirmed

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16
Q

Ethically, what are some risks to participants?

A

Physical harm, psychological stress and loss of privacy.

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17
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The variable independently manipulated by the experimenter

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18
Q

In a quasi-experiment what is the independent variable?

A

The variable used to categorise participants, measured by the experimenter

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19
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

Is a measure of some tribute or behaviour resulting from changes in the IV. It is dependent on the IV

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20
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

No relationship between the IV and DV, results due to chance, ‘boring’

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21
Q

What is the alternate hypothesis?

A

There is a relationship between IV and Dv, ‘real’

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22
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

A specification on how to measure a variable

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23
Q

What are some examples of extraneous variables?

A

Individual differences like IQ and situational variables like noise, time of day and temperature

24
Q

What is a perk of random variability?

A

It tends to obscure the effect of the IV on the DV

25
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A variable that changes systematically with IV. It ruins the experiment because you can’t be sure which variable caused the changes in the DV

26
Q

By accepting that your current hypothesis may need to be revised or discarded in light of future observations, you are demonstrating the scientific principle of what?

A

Tentativeness

27
Q

Situational variables can be dealt with by doing what?

A

Holding them constant, balancing them across conditions and allowing them to vary at random

28
Q

Why is random assignment good?

A

It equalises the groups before any manipulation is applied, eliminates systematic differences between the groups, in that age, IQ (etc.) are randomly distributed over both groups

29
Q

Experimental research advantage is that it can make casual claims about relationships however what are some disadvantages?

A

Not many volunteers (ethical concerns), random allocation is impossible at times

30
Q

What is a key part of quasi-experiments?

A

They have specific groups

31
Q

Counterbalancing is a procedure employed in which type of research design?

A

Repeated measures

32
Q

What is an issue for repeated measures?

A

carry over effects

33
Q

What is independent groups design?

A

Participants are randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions. This balances individual differences.

34
Q

What are observational studies?

A

Quasi-experimental and correlational

35
Q

What is a good control group?

A

Experiences everything the experimental group experiences except the critical value of the IV therefore, any differences can be attributed to IV

36
Q

What are three important characteristics of a scientific theory?

A

It summarises existing knowledge in a given area, it provides a tentative explanation for the phenomenon, it serves as a basis for predictions to be tested

37
Q

For a theory to qualify as scientific it must be what?

A

falsifiable

38
Q

What is the main difference between experimental and observational research?

A

The IV is manipulated and controlled

39
Q

What is the specific aims of research design?

A

To eliminate confounding variables and to minimise random variability

40
Q

The distance from a golfer’s tee would constitute what?

A

Ratio scaling

41
Q

What are examples of quantitative and qualitative measurements?

A

quantitative: height, weight. qualitative: gender, eye colour

42
Q

What are the types of measurement variables?

A

Discrete - no intermediate values exist (number of chess pieces lost in a match), dichotomous - discrete variable with only two possible values (female or male), continuous - infinite number of values

43
Q

What information is provided for a nominal scale?

A

Idenitiy (name)

44
Q

Identity, order and distance is given, what measurement scale is used? (And practical purposes)

A

Interval scaling

45
Q

What information is provided for a ordinal scale?

A

identity and order

46
Q

What information is provided for a ratio scale?

A

identity, order, relative distance and origin (0)

47
Q

What are types of measures?

A

self report, behavioural, physiological

48
Q

What are ways to test for reliability?

A

Administer the same test twice and assess the correlation between the two test scores. A perfectly reliable test would give identical scores and 60% correlation is acceptable

49
Q

What does positively skewed distribution indicate?

A

contains extreme high scores that have low frequency but does not contain low frequency, extreme low scores

50
Q

What is the mode?

A

most occurring score

51
Q

What is the median?

A

is the middle most score, the 50th percentile

52
Q

What is a sample statistic?

A

Unbiased sample from total population

53
Q

What are the measures of variability?

A

range, variance and standard deviation

54
Q

What is the range? And advantages and disadvantages?

A

Difference between highest and lowest score. Easy to compute but affected by extreme scores and based on two scores

55
Q

What is variance?

A

the mean squared deviation

56
Q

What is the formula for variance?

A

s^2x = (sum(x-xbar)^2) / N

PSYC1040 (2 decks)

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