ART OF COMMUNICATION comu1010 Flashcards
What is ethos?
credibility and creation of personae
how do you create a personae?
Through phronesis - practical skill; arete - virtue; and eunioa - goodwill towards audience
What is pathos?
appeal to emotion
What is logos?
Line of argument
What are Jakobson’s 6 Functions?
Referential, poetic, phatic, conative, metalingual and emotive
What is the referential model?
language in context
What is the poetic model?
the style, how it’s formed and creation
What is the emotive model?
I centred
What is the conative model?
you centred
What is the metalingual model?
how language should be understood
What is the phatic model?
the temporary relationship between speaker and listener
Who is Jakobson?
Roman Jakobson created the 6 functions, a ritual model
Who is Toulmin?
Stephen Toulim developed the Toulim Model on complete arguments
What is a ground?
evidence and data
What is a claim?
conclusion of argument
What is a warrant?
relation between grounds and claims, and has laws or principles
What is a backing?
supports the logical move of a warrant by: experience, ideology, values or convention
What is a qualifier?
Strength of argument
What are syllogisms and enthymemes?
Syllogism: reasoning drawn from major premise, minor premise and a conclusion (not always accurate). Enthymeme: informal syllogism with a missing premise
What is a logical fallacy? And what are the types?
An invalid/ faulty reasoning in an argument. 1. Fallacies of relevance: reasons illogical to conclusion. 2. Fallacies of insufficient argument: reasons fail to provide sufficient evidence to support conclusion
What is an Ad Hominem?
An argument directed at a person rather than their position held. An attack on their character rather than their intellect
What is an appeal to authority?
A fallacy that occurs when the person in question is not a legitimate authority on the subject
What is appeal to nature?
An argument where the natural is good and the unnatural is bad
What is bandwagon?
To suggest if something is correct or justified if many others are also doing it
What is appeal to emotion?
The attempt to win an argument (or win over an audience) through emotion rather than logic
What is cum hoc ergo propter hoc?
Arguing that when two events occur they are casually related
What is the slippery slope argument?
The argument that one event must inevitable flow on from a previous event, with nothing (or little) to substantiate that claim
What is tu quoque?
Answering criticism with criticism
What is fallacy of decomposition?
Getting off topic and arguing about that instead of original argument
What is locutionary act?
word that expresses the action
What is illocutionary act?
the direct and intentional meaning of the proposed action
What is the perlocutionary act?
the indirect psychological, social expectation or effect of the action
What is a felicities?
what must occur or what needs to be for a performative to work
What is a infelicities? And give examples.
The things that can be wrong or go wrong with performatives that keep them from working. For example, misfires and abuse
What is a misfire?
Where an act is not achieved or cannot be achieved because: it is not accepted convention or procedure, it is not appropriate person or circumstance, it is not executed correctly or completely
What is an abuse?
Where an act is violated because it is not executed faithfully or believable, the condition do not exist to merit the action
What is the cooperative principle?
where people want to cooperate and expect cooperation in meaning. Even in arguments because a reply is expected
What are Grice’s Maxims? Which are the supermaxims?
Quality(supermaxim): do not lie and provide evidence; quantity: give enough but not too much information; relevance: speak contextually; manner (supermaxim): be clear, brief, orderly and avoid obscurity and ambiguity
What are the three kinds of cooperation? And give an example of each.
Follow all maxims: A- where can I get petrol? B- there is a petrol station around the corner; violate one or all: A- where can i get petrol? B- From a dinosaur; flout one or all: A- Can we play on the play station? B- Is your homework done?
what are the characteristics of language?
structure, productivity, displacement, self-reflexivity
What is an example of an adjacency pair?
A- Good morning B- Good morning
What is an example of an insert sequence?
A- Do you want to dance? B- Who’s Asking? A- I am B- ok
What is turn-taking?
when someone talks, pauses, and someone else begins to talks either because they self selected or were chosen bye eye contact (Etc.)
What are some examples of clap traps?
3 Part list, projecting a name and literacy device like contrast
What is negative face?
Freedom
What is positive face?
Desirability
What are some threats to a hearers positive and negative face?
Positive: negative evaluations, indifference or intentional harm
Negative: pressure, debts, desire
What are some threats to speakers positive and negative face?
Positive: apologies, emotional leakage, self-humiliation
Negative: expressing or accepting thanks, accepting offers, unwilling promises or offers
What are the payoffs and risks of on record acts?
payoff: clarity, honesty, non-manipulative
risk: hurtful, explicit, rejection
What are the payoffs and risks of bald - on - record acts?
payoff: efficiency
risk: perceived as ‘bullyin’
What are the payoffs and risks of on record and redress acts?
payoff: can satisfy positive and negative face wants
risk: responsibility, misfire, rejection
What are the payoffs and risks of off record acts?
payoff: best for satisfying negative face, avoids accountability
risk: ambiguity, may not get what you want
What is back region?
a hidden or private place where we can be ourselves
What is front region?
where we are ‘on stage’ in front of an ‘audience’ and highlights the positive impressions that others may have of us
What is face work?
manipulation of setting, appearance and manner to accomplish our maintenance of self.
maintaining line and face
What is line and face?
Line: a pattern of action where one expresses and evaluates oneself and others
face: an image of self that consists of approved social attributes
What are ways that can help maintain self?
Props, teams and institutions
what is the participation framework?
hearers - unaddressed recipients (intended or unintended overhears) - addressed recipients
What is production format?
speaker - animator: the person speaking the words, author: the person who writes the words, principal: the person whose beliefs are expressed
what is footing?
when a speaker changes the capacity in which they speak, a change in production format and participation framework
Give examples of emblems, illustrators, regulators, adapters and affect displays
emblems: rude finger
illustrators: point left
regulators: eye contact
adapters: playing with pen
affect displays: being shocked
what are kinesics?
gestures, body language and facial expression
what are haptics and proxemics?
haptics: toucj
proxemics: space and spatial relationships
Time is referred to as what in non-verbal communication?
chronemics
what is involved in paralanguage?
tempo, inflection, loudness and pitch
what is a signifier?
physical entity
what is signified?
mental concept evoked by the signifier
what is a denotation?
simply identify or describe sign, 1st level
what is connotation?
more complex - see, hear, feel a sign; 2nd level. It can be varied and less fixed
what are socially agreed connotations?
shared and understood amongst a larger group
what are three types of signification? And what are they?
Iconic: it bears resemblance to real thing, imitates and shares some of the same qualities
Indexical: has a direct relationship or casual link to that which it represents
Symbolic: the relationship and what the sign represents is random and arbitrary. Must be learned and socially agreed
what is a paradigm?
associated signifiers and signifieds, members of defining category, each is different, one can be substituted for another
what is syntagm?
orderly combination of interacting signifiers that remain in a certain place for meaning to be clear, when put together forms a ‘whole’ meaning
what is a code?
interpretive frameworks that organise signs into systems, correlate signifiers and signifieds, etiquette and rules govern selection
what is a myth and what is an example of this?
myths take an already existing sign and turn it into a signifier. (Widely held and therefore, become a myth). An example of a myth is gender beauty of girls with long hair wear makeup e.g. Angelina Jolie. She has gone from being iconic to this idea being a symbolic
What is interpellation? What are the two ways? Which way is more effective?
where cultural ideas become tightly held and therefore become our own.
1. ideological state apparatuses (idea)
2. repressive state apparatuses (force)
Ideological state is more effective because it is more subtle or invisible and so is easier to be more ‘socially agreed’
what does the communication triad consist of?
speaker, text and audience
what did plato believe?
people have it, or they don’t
what did sophists believe?
can be taught
what did quintillion believe?
good people can speak good
what is the ideological square in mediation?
‘angle’ emphasise your good and their bad, mitigate your bad and their good
