Studies for Socio-cultural Approach SL Psychology

Question 1

Tajfel (1971)

Answer 1

• Social categorisation, intergroup behaviour
• Minimum requirements for participants to consider themselves as part of group
• 48, 14-15 y.o schoolboys British
• Randomly assigned to Klee or Kandinsky group, based on preference for art of either painter
  -participants had code numbers and completed experiment in private
• Distribute small sums of money between pairs, money rewards towards ingroup or outgroup
• Fair with rewards, although preferency for ingroup, did not know each other

Question 2

Bandura (1961)

Answer 2

• Test role models and agression, same sex models
• 4 hypothesis
  1: Observe agression by adult, child imitate adult when they are not present
  2: Non agressive models will have aggression inhibiting behaviour
  3: Imitate behaviour of same sex model
  4: Boys more aggressive than girls
  36 girls and 36 boys, 3-6 years old
  3 conditions, aggressive,non aggressive, no model, all include same sex and opposite sex model
  -G1, 10 minutes aggression towards bobo doll
• G2: 10 minutes, assembled toys
• G3: no model
• All children one room, each child taken to other room w bobo doll
• 20 minutes to play
• Children exposed to aggressive behaviour imitated AG
• G2 and G3 did not demonstrate these behaviours
• Boys imitated same sex model, girls were not as extreme, girls verbal, boys physical
• Boys were more aggressive than girls

Question 3

Konjin et al. (2007)

Answer 3

• Videogames increase aggression, players identify with violent game characters
  -112 dutch adolescent boys, low education ability
• Realistic, fantasy game or non violent game
• Then, paired with partner, reaction time, winner could blast loser with loud noise in headphones - aggression measure
  -High level of noise, damage hearing
• Most aggressive participants played aggressive game, violent ingame characters made players more aggressive
• ROLE MODELS

Question 4

Steele & Aronson (1995)

Answer 4

• Effects of stereotypes on behaviour
• Stereotype threat => suspect their behaviours are being evaluated on negative stereotype
• Problem solving test - African Americans, european americans
• AA, verbal skills, performed worse than EA
• How problems were solved, performed as well as EA
• Negative steretype of AA => pressure and emotional distress

Question 5

Howarth (2002)

Answer 5

• Social representation and self esteem
• Young people living in Brixton, UK
• Proportion of ppl of colour => also association to crime, drugs and violence of area
• 8 focus groups, 44 teens, 12-16 years old
• 5 interviews with Brixton Secondary school teachers
• Questions like, what is it like to live in brixton, what people outside brixton thought ab the area
• Thematic analysis, role of media and family, negative representation not shared with ingroup
• Supported Social Identity Theory

Question 6

Cohen (1981)

Answer 6

• Stereotypes affect memories
• Video, participants were told woman in video was librarian or waitress
• Recall video => remembered info about common stereoptype of career
  -Librarian - wore glasses, Waitress - drank alcohol
• Stereotypes affect information recalling and memorie

Question 7

Hamilton and Gifford (1976)

Answer 7

• Theory of Illusionary correlations
• Focused on stereotypes when encoding new info
• Triggered when 2 fairly infrequent events happen at the same time
• Participants read desirable and undesirable trait adjectives about majority (Group A- 26 ppl) minority (Group B- 13 ppl) group
• Description of both groups were given to participants, with positive and negative behaviours.
• Over-estimated undesirable traits of minority group
• Culture and society help stereotypes but cognitive factors are also part

Question 8

Petrova et al. (2007)

Answer 8

• Field study, individualism and collectivism had influence on compliance
• 1287 asian international students
• Random sample of US students
• School and Social Relationships
• End of survey, also indicated whether participants wanted to participate in other surveys
• First survey: 20 min, 1 month after, another study, although 40 minutes
• Lower rate of compliance at first, US participants complied with second request more likely than Asian participants
• Individualism and collectivism!!

Question 9

Sanchez-Burks & Nisbet (2000)

Answer 9

• Independent measure study, cross cultural, Anglo-Americans and Mexican Americans, cultural groups and differences
• Latin participants evaluate interpersonal tasks more favourably, Anglo americans evaluate task workgroups more favourably
• 2 groups, 110 Mexican Students, 108 American Students, average of men and women
• 2 four minutes tapes of language tutoring sessions, either task-orientated or mix of task orientation and socioemotional components
• One video about M and one about AA
• Filled questionnaire about videos, effectiveness and suggestions for tutoring sessions
• Task oriented, favourably
• Ratings were not affected by ethnicity of ppl in video
• Hypothesis correct, AA task success, minimising socioemotional concerns, for Latins, socioemotional aspects underpin efficiency and success

Question 10

Sorokowska et al. (2017)

Answer 10

• Interpersonal distances, cultural norms and behaviour
• Survey, 9000 participants
• Significant variability in preffered personal distances, gender and age would infleuence preference, environmental or psychological factors predict variability
• Demographic questions, 3 questions depict preffered interpesonal distance, stranger, acqueintance or close person
• Showed variability across countries, the higher the temp the closer preffered disance from strangers
• Women and old people greater distance
• Cultural norms and values, as well as demographics

Question 11

Wang & Mallinckrodt (2006)

Answer 11

• Two theories, Chinese and Taiwanese students in American colleges - stress? Acculturation
• 3 hypothesis: anxiety and avoidance attachment negatively associated with acculturation to host culture
  2: high attachment anxiety and avoidance, predict more psychological stress to NC
  3: high acculturation to US Culture, predict less sociocultura adjustment difficulty
• 54 men and 50 women, internet survey
• questions how they formed adult attachments to home culture and attitude towards host culture
• difficulty in social situations, cultural differences?
• Attachement of Anxiety, negatively assosciated with students acculturation to US culture, those who avoided social relationships and experienced anxiety, not assimilate well, assimilated to host country and indentification with home country = less stress

Question 12

Berry (2005)

Answer 12

• Proposed Acculturation
• Assimilation: adapting to new culture, leave OG behind
• Separation: avoiding interactions with NC and holding onto OG
• Integration: becoming bi-cultural
• Marginalisation: OG behind but struggling to integrate to NC because of discrimination