Studies for Cognitive Approaches SL Psychology

Question 1

Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)

Answer 1

• Designed experiments to test MSM
• 2 repeated measures experiments
• Ex. 1: 240 Army men, list of 20 common one syllable nouns, presentation rate: 3-6-9 sec, LT store different from STM store
• Ex. 2: 46 Army men, lists of 15 common one syllable nouns, recall list immediately, after 10 or 30 seconds interval, performed a task of counting backwards
• Receny effect strongest for immediate recall
• Two distinct memory stores

Question 2

Robbins et al. (1996) with Hitch and Baddeley (1976)

Answer 2

• Dual task study, WMM more than one process?
• Participants asked to do two tasks at the same take, repeat list of numbers, plus true or false questions
• Each tasks uses a different element of working memory,took longer to answer as numbers digit increased
• Robbins et al, number of experiments, participants played chess and another cognitive task, chess - visuo spatial sketchpad
• No interference when chess + repetition of words
• Interference chess + tap numbers of keyboard, as model predicted

Question 3

Bartlett (1932)

Answer 3

• Schema & constructive nature
• Memory exercises, British male & female undergrads
• War of the Ghosts, North American folk remembrance
• May have only made a little sense to participants
• Assimilation - participant’s own cultural expectations
• Levelling - story shorter with retelling
• Sharpening - changed details for story to make sense of it and added details
• Loftus & Palmer supported this!

Question 4

Bonke et al. (2014)

Answer 4

• Based upon Kahneman’s theory
• Intuitive & automatic thinking led to better performance than conscious thought
• Educated intuition for doctors to make accurate estimation about patients survival probabilities
• Experiment, 86 medical experts, 57 novices, puposive sampling,
• 4 fictions medical cases, half were engaged into concsious thought, half distracted by anagram task, 4 minutes
• Significant diff. between experts and novices, but no between conscious and unconscious thinking

Question 5

Tuckey and Brewer (2003)

Answer 5

• Crime schema influenced types of details witnesses in several interviews => Schema Theory
• Some witnesses experiences delay before initial interview & subsequent
• Schema-irrelevant memories (no confirm or contradict) were more often forgotten than consistent and incosistent schema theories after first interview
• Delay intial interview negatively affected recall, led to less decay in SUBS interviews
• Used schemas to interpret unclear info, more likely to report false memories, made schema consistent mistakes

Question 6

Hamilton and Rose (1980)

Answer 6

• Illusory correlations, maintenance of social stereotypes
• 3 experiments, 73 male & 72 female high school and undergrad students, adults
• 1: Read sets of diff. sentences, diff. occupations and pairs of adjectives (non stereotypical)
• 2: Trait adjectives consistent with stereotypes about occ. groups
  -3: inconsistent or unrelated to stereotype
• Participants estimated how frequently traits agree with the group
• Systematic bias, perceived correlation between A and OCC was more congruent with existing stereotypical beliefs, cognitive bias

Question 7

Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Answer 7

• Supported Bartlett’s early work
• Schema are susceptible to manipulation by info introduced after the event
• Eye-witness testimony, changing verb when questioning eye witnesses about a car accident video, changed how the event was remembered
• Verbs activated schemas, thus influencing the estimation of speed
• E.g. schema in “smashing” implying the cars were moving very fast, in comparison to “contacting!

Question 8

Risen et al. (2007)

Answer 8

• One-shot illusory correlations were formed from a single instance of unusual behavior by a member of a rare group
• 4 studies
• Studies 1, 2, and 3, unusual behaviors were committed by members of rare groups, processed differently than other types of behaviors, more processing time, memorable
• Obtained evidence on 2 implicit measures of association, IC is generalized to other members of a rare group
• IC arises bc of unusual pairings of behaviors, consider group membership as explanation for behavior

Question 9

Brown & Kulik (1977)

Answer 9

• Theory, flashbulb memories, more vivid and accurate than normal memories
• Structured intervies, 80 US, 40 African American, 40 Caucasian, 20-60 y.o
• Answered questions on diff. important events
• 9 events, public, assasinations
  -10th personal nature event
• Recall where they were, what were they doing at time of event
• How often did they recall info about each event
• Kennedy assasination, more flashbulb memories, 90% recalled where and what they were doing
• Personal = death of parent
• Level of emotional arousal whether a memory was a flashbulb or not

Question 10

Talarico & Rubin (2003)

Answer 10

• Study, investigate FMT
• 54 Uni students on 12th Sep 2001 ab 9/11
• 1st Study in Flashbulb memory, used everyday event memory as a control
• Interviewed again, one, six or 32 weeks later
• Consistency for flashbulb and everyday memories did not differ, both declining over time
• Self ratings accuracy only declined in everyday memories
• Why do we believe FBM are accurate?