Studies

Question 1

Cornell et al

Answer 1

They suggested females are better at learning as they are more organised, which emphasises the value of women

Question 2

Rosenthal

Answer 2

Found that male experimenters are more friendly to female ppts than male ppts, consequently males ppts performed worse

Question 3

Eagly and Johnsons

Answer 3

There meta-analysis noted studies based on a real world setting, finding that male and females had a similar type of leadership style

Question 4

Hare-Mustin and Marecek

Answer 4

• They pointed out that arguing for equality draws attention away from women’s needs and create differences in power
• Where 1 group (males) holds most of the power, even neutral actions benefit the group with power

Question 5

Copeland

Answer 5

-Found 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed a patient with schizophrenia compared to 2% of British psychiatrists with the same patient description

Question 6

Milgram

Answer 6

example of beta bias

Question 7

Loring and Powell

Answer 7

found that 56% of psychiatrists gave a diagnosis of schizophrenia when the patient in a case study was described as male or no information was provided about gender, but when the same case was described as female only 20% gave diagnosis

Question 8

Longenecker et al

Answer 8

since the 1980s men are diagnosed with schizophrenia more often than women

Question 9

Ainsworth

Answer 9

• Ainsworth’s strange situation is an example of ethnocentrism
• It also has an imposed etic

Question 10

Berry

Answer 10

argues that psychology has often been guilty of imposing an etic approach, when theories/concepts came about through emic research

Question 11

Luhrmann et al

Answer 11

• Found that there is cultural differences in hearing voices

- With the definitions of abnormality needing to be changed accordingly

Question 12

Roberts

Answer 12

found that adolescents with strong belief in determinism were at significantly greater risk of developing depression

Question 13

Soon et al

Answer 13

• demonstrated that brain activity that determines the outcome of simple choice predates our knowledge of having made that choice
• researchers found that the activity related to whether to press a button with the left or right hand occurs in the brain up to 10 seconds before the participant reported being aware of a decision.

Question 14

Gottesman

Answer 14

concordance rates for schizophrenia: 48% MZ, 17% DZ

Question 15

Nestadt et al

Answer 15

concordance rates for OCD: 68% MZ, 31% DZ

Question 16

Coccaro et al

Answer 16

concordance rates for aggression: 50% MZ, 19% DZ

Question 17

Plomin et al

Answer 17

suggested that a child who is genetically more aggressive might provoke an aggressive response in others; affecting the child’s development

Question 18

Scarr and McCartney

Answer 18

suggested that as children grow older, they seek out experiences and environments that suit their genes

Question 19

Maguire et al

Answer 19

• In their study of London taxi drivers showed that the region of the brain associated with spatial memory was bigger than in controls
• The taxi drivers were not born this way; rather their hippocampus had responded to increased use

Question 20

Dunn and Plomin

Answer 20

• suggested that individual differences mean that siblings experience life events differently
• For example, age and/or temperament would mean a life event such as parental divorce would have a different meaning to each sibling

Question 21

Wolpe

Answer 21

• developed the therapy of systematic desensitisation
• Treated a women for fear of insects
• He found no improvement from this behavioural method of therapy
• It turned out that her husband, with whom she had not been getting along, has an insect nickname.
• Therefore, her fear was not the result of conditioning but representing her marital problems

Question 22

Clive Wearing

Answer 22

• LTM case study
• has resulted in research on different types of LTM on a greater scale, which in turn has increased our understanding of how memory works

Question 23

David Reimer

Answer 23

-Gender development case study

Question 24

Allport

Answer 24

• He argued that it is only by knowing the person as an individual that we can predict what that person will do in any situation
• For example, knowing there’s a 1% lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia tells us little about what life is like for a schizophrenic

Question 25

Sieber and Stanley

Answer 25

• They identified several concerns that researchers should be mindful of when conducting socially sensitive research:
  1) Implications
  2) Uses/public policy
  3) Validity of research

Question 26

Goddard

Answer 26

-Implications example
-some studies may be seen as giving ‘scientific’ credence to prejudice and discrimination, e.g. Goddard - racial basis of intelligence.
(Given IQ tests to immigrants)

Question 27

Bowlby

Answer 27

• Uses/public policy example

- Bowlby influenced the UK government’s decision to not offer free childcare places to children under 5.

Question 28

Burt

Answer 28

• Validity of research example

- Burt - much of the data that was used to establish the 11+ exam was made up.

Question 29

Scarr

Answer 29

• argues that studies of underrepresented groups and issues may promote a greater sensitivity and understanding of these
• This can help reduce prejudice and encourage acceptance

Question 30

Kitzinger and Coyle

Answer 30

-They noted that research into ‘alternative relationships’ has been guilty of a form of ‘heterosexual bias; within which homosexual relationships were compared and judged against heterosexual norms