Studies Flashcards
Rosenhan APRC
•aims - to see if psychiatrists can accurately tell the difference between those who are sane and insane
• procedure - field experiment ,8 pseudopatients went to 5 different hospitals , fake name and job , faked symptoms all reported hearing “empty” “hollow” “thud” , while on ward patients acted completely sane , told doctors and staff they felt fine and needed to be let out all pseudopatients had to find their own way out of hospital .
• results - none of patients were found to be faking condition , given over 2100 meds which they did not take , on average only spent 6 mins a day with doctor , staff spent most of their time in office , spent average of 19 days in hospital , observed other patients being verbally or physically abused by staff , pseudopatients disposed of their pills but when they went to throw them down the toilet they often observed other patients doing the same
•Conclusion - Rosenhan started it is clear that we cannot distinguish sane from insane in psychiatric hospitals , all pseduopatients hated being in hospital felt powerless , led to reform of DSM 2 ,
•Seymour lefty criticised Rosenhan and said that the doctors had a predictable error -> claimed doctors made rational decisions and a type one error
Rosenhan evaluation
•G - used a small sample for us , lots of changes have occurred since the 70’s -> study caused many reforms such as with the DSM- 2 so may be “time-locked”
•R- trained pseudopatients to use a standardised procedure however they did not all follow -> one brought hmwk revealed was psych student started psychotherapy , slater attempted to replicate and presented himself at a hospital with auditory hallucinations and was diagnosed with “auditory hallucinations”
• A- caused psychiatric hospitals to review admission procedures ,DSM 2
•V- seymour kety criticised -> doesn’t show how people with real condition are diagnosed -> psychiatrists don’t expect deception so study lacks validity , high ecological validity as it’s a field experiment
•E- hospital staff were deceived by ppts symptoms -> could not consent or have right to withdraw ,Rosenhan protected confidentiality , ppts had to find own way out
Unipolar depression - Williams - contemporary APRC
•online cbt
•cognitive bias modification cbm- repeatedly imagining oneself engaging in a broad range of activities that result in a positive outcome to train an automatic bias to positively interpret ambiguous day to day life
•Aim - to find out if giving patients a combination of CBM and ICBT would be effective in treating depression .
•Participants - 232 applicants volunteered and took Beck’s depression inventory to measure participants severity of depression -> 69 ppts selected -Kessler distress scale also measured - ppts randomnly placed in intervention group or waiting list group
• procedure - intervention group conduction 7 20 min sessions over course of one week , waiting list group went about with normal lives , intervention group then had icbt (6 online lessons) for 10 weeks (still no intervention for wl group) ,wl group then had to 10 weeks of icbt (with no cbm)
•results - treatment group showed a reduction in depression and distress after one week of cbm, both treatment and wlc group showed significant reduction in all primary measures by week 11 .65% of ppts who received combined treatment had significant reduction in depression compared to 36% of wlc
• conclusions - combined intervention is effective in improving depression and anxiety , CBM may be most critical factor of cbt , immediate intervention is more effective then waiting
Williams - evaluation
•g- lacks generalisability as sample goes from 69-42 -> could’ve been bigger due to computer based treatment , study conducted in Australia -> suffers from ethnocentrism
•r - final questionnaire was self report may be subject to demand characteristics , high reliability due to standardised procedures plus controls (ie Kessler distress scale)
•a- great application for modern treatment cases where people can’t attend face to face therapy
•v- ppts completed online screening questionnaires using established measures ie beck , due to no face to face sessions - do not know how engaged participants were ,
Repetive thinking was screened out
•e - approved by human rights ethics comittee, no follow up unknown if long term or suffered relapse
Carlossen- contemporary study schz
Aims and procedure
•hyperdopaminergia- tm dopamine activity ,hypodopaminergia - too little ,hyperglutamatergia ,hypoglutamatergia
•aims - to find out if hypoglutamatergia causes schz + strengthen dopamine hypothesis + effectiveness of antipsychotics and explore antipsychotics for people who are treatment resistant
