4 D’s Plus Classification Systems

Question 1

4’D’s of psychology

Answer 1

•used in clinical interview to assess when a problem becomes a disorder
• assist in diagnosing mental disorder but cannot diagnose by themselves

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

•behaving in a way which is viewed as unacceptable and abnormal . Dependant on social norms of acceptable behaviour
•psychometric tests can establish how much the person deviates from average
• can be subjective due to age, social class

Question 3

Dysfunction

Answer 3

•Abnormal behaviours which are significantly interfering with everyday tasks and living life - ie maintaining a job
• duration is important to dysfunction as some people may only be affected for a short amount of time (eg. Grief)
•more subjective

Question 4

Distress

Answer 4

• an abnormal amount of unhappiness (eg. Anxiety , isolation)
•abnormalities is when feelings occur innapropriately with no rational/logical cause or persist longer then they should

Question 5

Danger

Answer 5

• when the behaviour harms or puts at risk the individual or others around them

Question 6

4 D’s evaluation

Answer 6

+
• 4ds are issues all mental health patients have therefore it has face validity
•effective tool anyone can use with training
•can use psychometric tests (objective tests) ie distress scale
• 4ds are all terms used in current diagnostic manuals (ie . DSM 5 ) therefore has concurrent validity
-
•deviance is dependant on social norms ( ie.culture) so it is hard to measure objectively
• interpretation of danger , distress and dysfunction can be subjective
• people can have these symptoms and not be ill
•incomplete model - Davies suggested a 5th term ‘duration’ needs to be added

Question 7

Classification systems AO1

Answer 7

DSM5-
•157mental health conditions , 3 sections (section 1:instructs how to use self report data and DSM and how 4ds should be used when diagnosing , section 2:contains all main mental health disorders/diagnostic criteria/predictive validity ,section 3: work in progress conditions and disorders)
•focuses on co morbidity of conditions (overlapping symptoms) ,schz reduced from 10 categories to 1 and autism became spectrum in change
•focused on North America
•costs money
icd
•free
•currently on icd11
•available online for the whole world
•contains all known diseases and disorders ( not just mental)
•published and created by the who
•contains symptoms , descriptions and statistics

Question 8

Classification systems evaluation

Answer 8

+
• Andrew et al found that DSM and ICD had agreement rates for depression and anxiety ( concurrent validity)
•powers et al - showed that complex ptsd correlates either addictive behaviour and substance use (predictive validity)
•strong relations between teacher assessment of adhd and dsm 5 diagnoses (concurrent and face validity)
•morey- found that dsm-v was better then dsm-4
•dsmv - has a section which advises cultural issues should take into account so this should have less of an effect on validity of diagnoses
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• DSM - b has been argued to be corrupted by industry - over medicalising conditions to make money
• both the icd and dsm have been criticised for lack of biological information
•due to co morbidity it’s difficult to label and diagnose mental health conditions - lower validity and reliability
• ICD has been criticised for using too narrow of diagnosis criteria ( impacts validity of diagnosing mental health
•diagnoses is affected by what patient tells psychiatrist so if I a patient tells two psychiatrists different things this may affect reliability of the diagnoses
•Rosenhan exposed dms v as not reliable when trying to diagnose