Student-Level Services Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
What is positive interdependence in cooperative learning?
A
Students must believe they all ‘sink or swim together’
This involves a group goal and clear tasks to promote commitment to others’ success.
2
Q
What ensures individual and group accountability in cooperative learning?
A
Each member is accountable for contributing their share
Groups must understand shared goals and measure member efforts.
3
Q
What is promotive interaction in cooperative learning?
A
Group members encourage, support, and praise each other’s learning efforts
It involves academic and personal support systems.
4
Q
What skills are emphasized in interpersonal and small-group skills?
A
Decision-making, trust-building, communication, leadership, conflict management
These skills are crucial for effective teamwork.
5
Q
What is group processing in cooperative learning?
A
Members discuss working relationships, goal achievement, and effective actions
Analysis enables continuous process improvement.
6
Q
What does flexible instructional grouping address?
A
Individual student differences in learning rates and styles
It includes alternating whole-class, small-group, and individual activities.
7
Q
What are teacher-led group activities?
A
Whole-class/small-group activities, individual activities
They include concept overviews and instructional scaffolding.
8
Q
What do student-led groups involve?
A
Collaborative activities, performance-based activities, paired activities
Teachers monitor effectiveness and guide understanding.
9
Q
What is one strategy for differentiated instruction?
A
Using technology like interactive websites and streaming online videos
These tools offer educational games at varied learning levels.
10
Q
What is the purpose of group discussions in differentiated instruction?
A
To address each level of Bloom’s Taxonomy and facilitate student success
Teachers plan how to include every student.
11
Q
What are task centers/cards used for?
A
To create individual unit-based tasks differentiated by student cognitive level
Color-coded task cards guide task-to-task movement.
12
Q
What are advance organizers?
A
Tools like Venn diagrams, flowcharts, and rubrics that aid student understanding
They illustrate relationships and expectations.
13
Q
What do cue cards help with?
A
Vocabulary words, problem-related formulas, and discussion topics
They assist in test preparation and concept definition.
14
Q
What is the purpose of mind/concept maps?
A
To depict relationships and aid in understanding concepts
They can be completed or partially completed for student interaction.
15
Q
What does the study strategy of reducing interference involve?
A
Making material meaningful, avoiding similar subjects concurrently
Strategies include overlearning and chunking.
16
Q
What is the benefit of spaced studying?
A
Facilitates memory consolidation through breaks between sessions
Different environmental contexts also aid memory.
17
Q
What is the Whole-Part-Whole learning strategy?
A
Study the whole quickly, then focus on difficult parts separately
Finally, review the whole again.
18
Q
What are metacognitive instructional strategies?
A
Techniques that stimulate student reflection on their learning processes
Examples include asking questions and promoting independent learning.
19
Q
What assistive technology helps visually impaired students with reading?
A
Low-vision devices, Braillewriters, and electronic note-takers
These tools assist in accessing and managing information.
20
Q
What is the role of tactile graphics?
A
To enable visually impaired students to ‘see’ illustrations through touch
They convert printed graphics to tactile formats.
21
Q
What is one example of an accommodation for visually impaired students?
A
Allowing extra time for assignments and classwork
This accounts for the slower reading and writing rates.
22
Q
What is the purpose of hands-on experiences in instruction?
A
To substitute or add real objects to enhance understanding
This can involve actual coins instead of pictures.
23
Q
What is the significance of clear directions in instruction?
A
Using explicit language to guide visually impaired students
Phrasing must be precise, e.g., ‘to the left/right’.
24
Q
What is the function of talking calculators?
A
Assist numerical computations without requiring vision
They provide auditory feedback for calculations.
25
What are accommodations that help blind and visually impaired students complete assignments?
Allowing extra time, descriptive responses instead of visual representations, constructing three-dimensional models, and providing worksheets for direct answers
## Footnote
For example, a blind student could write a description of a cell instead of drawing it in a science assignment.
26
What is the difference between accommodations and modifications in educational settings?
Accommodations adjust how students demonstrate learning without altering the learning objectives, while modifications change the learning objectives themselves
## Footnote
For instance, substituting a written description for a drawing is an accommodation, but changing the objective from drawing to describing is a modification.
27
List some adaptations to the environment for blind and visually impaired students.
* Preferential seating
* Flexible classroom movement
* Additional work/desk space
* Brighter lighting or lower light depending on needs
* Storage for Braille books and adaptive equipment
28
What are some testing adaptations for blind and visually impaired students?
* Extended time for tests
* Use of concrete models instead of written answers
* Spelling tests using uncontracted Braille
* Access to enlarged text or Braille hardcopies
29
Define self-regulated learning.
A process where learners take control of their own learning through self-monitoring, self-instruction, self-evaluation, self-correction, and self-reinforcement
## Footnote
This concept emerged from behavioral research into self-control and emphasizes the importance of internal states in addition to observable behaviors.
30
What are the four phases of self-regulated learning according to information processing theory?
* Defining the task
* Setting goals and planning strategies
* Applying planned learning strategies
* Using metacognition to self-evaluate success
31
What does Vygotsky's social constructivist theory emphasize?
The importance of social interactions and cultural environments in developing problem-solving and self-regulation skills
## Footnote
Vygotsky introduced concepts like the zone of proximal development (ZPD) which highlights the role of adult guidance in learning.
32
True or False: Private speech is used for social communication.
False
## Footnote
Private speech is used for directing one's own behaviors and reasoning processes, often transitioning into internalized silent thought.
33
Describe the developmental changes in students from grade 5 to grade 8 regarding self-regulation.
Increased use of planning, sequencing, and setting goals, with older students using more effective study strategies like note-taking and highlighting
## Footnote
Older students also show improved ability to monitor their comprehension and resolve inconsistencies in text.
34
What are process goals and outcome goals in self-regulated learning?
* Process goals: Reflect strategies/skills being learned
* Outcome goals: Reflect desired performance
## Footnote
For example, learning to use a specific theorem is a process goal, while completing a problem set is an outcome goal.
35
What is the role of self-evaluation in self-regulated learning?
Self-evaluation influences motivation and helps students assess their progress and learning strategies
## Footnote
It is important for students to recognize the connection between their self-regulatory strategies and their performance improvements.
36
List some issues related to the adoption of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) in schools.
* Variety of evidence bases leading to confusion
* Practical obstacles in implementing EBIs
* Influence of clinical judgment over research
* Lack of training among practitioners
37
What is the scientist-practitioner model in school psychology?
A model requiring school psychologists to integrate research findings into practice while also conducting their own research
## Footnote
This model emphasizes the importance of evidence-based practices in educational settings.
38
What are recommended strategies to promote evidence-based practice in school psychology?
* Developing practice-research networks
* Expanding evidence-based practice methodology
* Establishing guidelines for EBI implementation
* Providing professional development opportunities
39
What are some instrumental organizations involved in the EBI movement?
* Task Force on Evidence-Based Interventions in School Psychology
* American Psychological Association (APA)
* National Reading Panel
* What Works Clearinghouse
40
What are the limitations of meta-analysis in evidence-based interventions?
* Biases against publishing negative results
* Lack of attention to replication research for reliability
41
What is the importance of fundamental principles of behavior change in applying EBIs?
They provide a basis for understanding and generalizing effective interventions across different contexts
## Footnote
These principles help inform the development of flexible guidelines for practitioners.
42
What are evidence-based interventions (EBIs) primarily based on?
Literature reviews that apply meta-analysis techniques
## Footnote
Meta-analysis allows for the summarization of research literature, providing a foundation for EBIs.
43
What are two significant limitations of meta-analytic procedures?
1. Biases against publishing negative results
2. Lack of attention to conducting replication research for reliability
## Footnote
These limitations can affect the conclusions drawn from meta-analyses.
44
How can meta-analysis contribute to the evaluation of interventions?
By identifying circumstances where a specific intervention might be questioned or contraindicated
## Footnote
This helps practitioners make informed decisions regarding the implementation of EBIs.
45
What is the role of expert groups in the context of EBIs?
To provide data about minority populations, setting variables, and other factors related to intervention context
## Footnote
This information can inform contraindications and indications for various individual EBIs.
46
What model do experts recommend for school psychologists?
Scientist-practitioner model
## Footnote
This model emphasizes the importance of evaluating EBIs in their actual practice contexts.
47
Why is it important to evaluate EBIs under real practice conditions?
To generalize the use of an EBI effectively
## Footnote
Accumulated evidence from research studies must be validated in practical settings.
48
What are evaluation protocols and when are they established?
Protocols established during an EBI’s development; may be included in practice guidelines or practitioner manuals
## Footnote
These protocols guide the evaluation process of EBIs.
49
What is the Outcomes: Planning, Monitoring, Evaluating protocol?
A protocol that provides guidance in selecting problems, designing, implementing, and evaluating interventions
## Footnote
Developed by Stoiber & Kratochwill in 2002, it assists practitioners in assessing EBIs.
50
What does the main publication containing the Outcomes: PME protocol include?
An example of an intervention planning and monitoring training and practice protocol
## Footnote
This helps practitioners and researchers conceive and perform outcome assessments.
51
What are some factors affecting student success in school?
* Family socioeconomic status
* Time parents spend with children
* Quality of parenting practices
* Time children spend away from parents
* Physical and mental health
* Relationships with peers
* Nutritional needs
* Parental expectations
* Age-appropriate reading levels
* Well-trained teachers
* Individual treatment of children
52
True or False: Parental involvement is one of the most significant factors influencing student success.
True
53
What percentage of students earning A or B grades report parental encouragement?
70-90%
54
What is a common characteristic of students from impoverished households regarding academic performance?
More likely to be retained in and repeat grades
55
Fill in the blank: The factor that influences children's academic success the most for single parents is how much time the parent can find for _______.
[spending time with children]
56
What type of early childhood education programs contribute positively to later academic success?
* Child care centers
* Early childhood education programs
* Head Start programs
* Early intervention preschools
57
How does nutrition affect student academic performance?
Adequate nutrition is essential for performing academically up to potential
58
What is a significant issue related to breakfast among students?
Many students attend school without breakfast or eat unhealthy options
59
What is the recommended number of class rules for effective classroom management?
3-8 rules
60
What is the consequence of allowing multiple class disruptions at the beginning of the school year?
Sets a precedent that makes improving discipline difficult
61
True or False: Teachers should address classroom disruptions immediately.
True
62
What can positive teacher expectations lead to in the classroom?
Positive behaviors from students
63
What is a key behavior for teachers to maintain respect and motivation among students?
Fairness in discipline
64
Fill in the blank: Students with _______ social skills are more likely to develop positive relationships.
[competent]
65
What are some domains included in social skills?
* Conflict management skills
* Relationship skills
* Classroom behavior skills
* Emotional self-expression skills
* Communication skills
* Decision-making skills
* Community conduct skills
66
What do conflict management skills help students succeed in?
Academically, socially, and in employment
67
What should teachers do to prevent downtime in lessons?
Overplan lessons and include additional activities
68
What negative impact can bullying have on students?
Affects both school attendance and academic progress
69
What is a common result for students who lack social skills?
More likely to be excluded, ignored, or bullied
70
True or False: Teachers should start each day expecting good behavior from students.
True
71
What role does humor play in classroom management?
Can diffuse tension and redirect the class
72
What is essential for independent individuals to manage conflicts effectively?
Effective skills for managing and resolving conflicts
## Footnote
Skills develop in early childhood and are informed by the ability to read nonverbal communication signals.
73
Which skills are critical for conflict management and resolution?
Specific and complex communication skills
## Footnote
These skills vary widely and require direct instruction for those with communication deficits.
74
What are some methods of direct instruction for conflict management?
* Verbal prompts
* Visual prompts
* Authentic practice contexts
* Role-playing
* Guided reflection
75
What domains are included under social skills?
* Conflict management and resolution skills
* Classroom skills
* Emotional self-expression and self-regulation skills
* Conversation skills
* Community conduct skills
* Peer relationship skills
* Problem-solving skills
76
What is a critical predictor of future success in life according to research studies?
Social competency
## Footnote
Low peer acceptance correlates with issues like low self-esteem and poor school performance.
77
What skills should students develop to address problems in school and community?
Problem-solving ability
78
What are some examples of classroom skills students need in inclusive classrooms?
* Pencil-sharpening
* Making smooth transitions between classes
* Organizing materials properly
79
What is the role of teachers in supporting students with communication disorders?
Collaborate to develop behavioral goals to improve social awareness and academic achievement
80
How can community conduct skills be taught to students?
Through modeling, direct instruction, and role-playing
81
What are the components of emotional awareness that students need to develop?
* Emotional self-expression
* Emotional self-regulation
* Self-awareness
82
Why might students with communication deficits struggle with emotional skills?
Difficulty identifying, labeling, measuring, expressing, and controlling feelings
83
What instructional strategies can educators use to teach emotional skills?
* Modeling
* Structured learning
* Visual cues
* Incidental teaching
* Rehearsal
84
What are some characteristics of conversational skill deficits?
* Inability to make appropriate use of greetings
* Difficulty initiating conversations
* Trouble maintaining conversational topics
* Problems asking and answering questions
85
What is a significant risk factor for learning disabilities (LD)?
Maternal smoking during pregnancy
86
What can maternal alcohol use during pregnancy cause?
Malformation of developing neurons
87
Which environmental toxins can disrupt neuron development?
* Lead
* Cadmium
88
What is one genetic risk factor for mental health problems?
Having a family history of mental illness
89
What in utero events can raise the risk of developing mental disorders?
* Exposure to environmental toxins
* Alcohol
* Tobacco
* Other drugs
90
What are typical services provided by school mental health (MH) professionals?
* Individual counseling
* Group counseling
* Skill training
91
What is the primary focus of school mental health services?
Supporting education
92
What does the Language Experience Approach (LEA) focus on?
Constructing meaning in reading
93
What strategies can enhance literacy development in students with LD?
* Identifying learning themes
* Utilizing motivational materials
* Creating word banks
94
What is the purpose of school-based interventions?
To support students' emotional issues and promote optimal learning
95
What are the three types of counseling techniques mentioned?
* Directive
* Non-directive
* Moderately directive
96
What does the 'Acting as if' technique involve?
Role-play to explore desired behaviors
97
What is a key component of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?
Using analogies or images to change clients' perspectives
98
What is assertion training aimed at helping clients with?
Confidently expressing their needs, thoughts, and feelings
99
What is the primary goal of assertion training in behavior therapy?
To help clients confidently express their needs, thoughts, and feelings without muting or hiding them.
100
List some issues clients may face that assertion training addresses.
* Trouble saying 'No' to others
* Difficulty expressing frustration or anger
* Letting others take advantage of them
* Challenges in expressing affection
* Feeling they have no right to express feelings and thoughts.
101
What techniques are involved in assertion training?
* Modeling
* Exposure
* Behavior rehearsal
* Positive reinforcement.
102
What is a key characteristic of the non-directive technique in Individual Psychology?
Empathic support without confrontation or direction.
103
What does the technique of 'catching oneself' help clients to do?
Raise awareness of irrational thoughts and/or self-destructive behaviors without self-condemnation.
104
True or False: Behavior modeling involves clients observing and imitating a behavior modeled by the psychologist.
True.
105
What is the purpose of the continuum line technique from REBT?
To help substance abuse clients rate their feelings regarding their addictions on a scale of 1-100.
106
Define the technique of decatastrophizing.
Asking 'What if' questions to help clients realize they may have blown their problems out of proportion.
107
What does the technique of encouragement in Individual Psychology involve?
Acknowledging, naming, accepting, and praising the client’s positive qualities, strengths, and progress.
108
What is congruence in Carl Rogers’s Person-Centered Therapy?
Interacting with the client using consistent, honest behaviors and language.
109
What is the goal of the exaggeration technique in Gestalt therapy?
To help clients develop greater awareness of their defense mechanisms and emotions.
110
What analogy is used in the Fruit Basket technique from REBT?
Clients contain a combination of good and bad components, similar to a fruit basket.
111
What is the purpose of language exercises in Gestalt therapy?
To help clients examine their speech patterns and develop greater self-awareness.
112
Fill in the blank: The magic wand counseling technique allows clients to imagine they have a _______.
[magic wand].
113
What does the magic wand technique enable clients to do?
Look past their current life situation and define their true desires.
114
What are the first steps in identifying intervention strategies for high-functioning students with ASDs?
Assessing needs, differentiating skills deficits vs. performance deficits, and evaluating service delivery models.
115
What types of curricula should be examined for social skills intervention for students with ASDs?
Curricula designated for specific age/grade levels, promoting language and social skills development, and providing experience with group dynamics.
116
What factors must a school psychologist consider when implementing intervention services for students with ASDs?
Inclusive group settings, involvement of multiple disciplines, and selection of appropriate multidisciplinary intervention team members.
117
Describe the group intervention format for middle school students with high-functioning ASDs.
Reviewing learned skills, direct instruction in new skills, role-plays, games, positive reinforcement, and community outings.
118
What new skill might students learn involving vocal tone in a social skills lesson?
Appropriate vocal tone, including volume, speed, and respectful tone.
119
In the application lesson, how do students practice appropriate distances from others?
Using arm's length visualization and hula hoops.
120
What sequence is followed in small group lessons for elementary school students with high-functioning ASDs?
Review previous lessons, introduce new skill(s), practice the new skill, and help students generalize the skill.
121
What are the steps for giving compliments taught to elementary students?
* Look
* Use a friendly face
* Use a sincere voice
* Say what you like about the person.
122
What activities help practice newly learned social skills for giving and receiving compliments?
Role-playing different scenarios and writing compliments on cards.
123
Define Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA).
The application of behavioral principles to increase or decrease targeted behaviors over time in everyday situations.
124
What is required for effective progress monitoring in ABA?
Data-driven decision-making (D3M) and objective data collection on student responses.
125
What is the recommended intensity of behavioral intervention for young children with ASDs?
At least 25 hours weekly for 12 months.
126
What role do parents play in children's ABA programs?
Engagement in the process, guiding programs, recording data, and promoting generalization.
127
What should parents look for in a qualified ABA service provider?
Certification in the Behavior Analyst profession by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB).
128
What are key components of effective ABA programs according to the National Autism Center?
* Manipulation of antecedents
* Behavioral treatment
* Comprehensive intervention
* Joint attention intervention.
129
What is pivotal response training in ABA?
A program targeting pivotal behaviors that lead to improvement across a range of behaviors.
130
What are the steps in the self-management intervention in ABA?
The student records the target behavior's occurrence and obtains reinforcement for documentation.
131
What are story-based interventions in ABA?
Written descriptions of conditions or situations in which specified behaviors are expected to take place.
132
Why is early detection of childhood mental illness important?
Because mental disorders become regular features of behavior, making them harder to treat over time.
133
What behaviors can be warning signs of serious mental health issues in children?
Problems functioning in multiple settings, changes in appetite, and significant mood changes.
134
What are some warning signs of serious mental health issues in children and adolescents?
* Problems functioning in multiple settings
* Changes in appetite, eating, or sleeping patterns
* Social withdrawal or new fears
* Regression to younger behaviors
* Tearfulness or sadness
* Self-injurious behaviors
* Recurring thoughts of death
## Footnote
Examples of regression include bedwetting, thumb-sucking, and baby talk.
135
What is Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?
A therapy that examines distorted thought patterns to improve anxiety, moods, and behavior in children and teens.
## Footnote
CBT helps children identify harmful thinking and replace it with more appropriate thoughts.
136
What is Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) used for?
To help older adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder, self-injurious behaviors, or chronic suicidal ideations.
## Footnote
DBT emphasizes examining responses to intense emotions and combines individual and group sessions.
137
What does Family Therapy focus on?
Education, support, and exploring communication patterns within families.
## Footnote
It can include parents, siblings, and grandparents in sessions.
138
What is the purpose of Group Therapy?
To improve social skills and understanding of mental illness through peer interactions and group dynamics.
## Footnote
Types include psychodynamic, substance abuse, and social skills groups.
139
What is Psychodynamic Psychotherapy?
A therapy focusing on understanding motivations and influences on a child's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
## Footnote
It seeks to identify responses to internal conflicts and behavior patterns.
140
What is Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
A brief treatment developed for depression that focuses on how emotional status is affected by interpersonal events.
## Footnote
IPT addresses individual problems in interpersonal terms.
141
What is Play Therapy?
A therapy that uses toys and games to help younger children recognize and verbalize emotions.
## Footnote
The therapist observes play to identify themes related to the child's issues.
142
What are common symptoms of Dyslexia?
* Difficulties with phonics and letter-sound correspondences
* Poor spelling and word recognition
* Delayed speech development
* Understanding speech and organizing language
* Learning vocabulary
* Following directions
## Footnote
Dyslexia affects reading and language skills.
143
What are symptoms of Dysgraphia?
* Difficulties with writing and drawing
* Grammar issues
* Logical order in writing
* Rapid loss of interest in writing
* Omitting words from sentences
## Footnote
Dysgraphia affects written expression.
144
What difficulties are associated with Dyscalculia?
* Understanding basic arithmetic concepts
* Solving math word problems
* Making change
* Recognizing logical sequences in math
* Describing mathematical processes
## Footnote
Dyscalculia impacts math skills.
145
What are the symptoms of Dyspraxia?
* Organizing belongings
* Eye-hand coordination issues
* Poor balance
* Sensitivity to noises and touch
* Difficulty with precision tasks
## Footnote
Dyspraxia affects motor coordination.
146
What impact do mental health problems have on students' education?
They lead to limited academic progress and difficulties in school starting from a young age.
## Footnote
Students with mental health issues often face challenges that extend beyond academics.
147
What percentage of children with mental health issues do not receive treatment?
Less than half of children with mental health problems receive treatment.
## Footnote
This statistic highlights a significant gap in mental health care.
148
What is the relationship between early warning signs and later mental health diagnoses?
A high proportion of adolescents with mental health issues exhibited early warning signs.
## Footnote
82% showed disruptive behavior, aggression, or multiple school suspensions.
149
What social factors can negatively impact children's mental health?
* Frequent family relocation
* Legal problems
* Chronic illnesses
* Parental imprisonment
* Homelessness
* Foster care
* Exposure to abuse or violence
## Footnote
These factors create significant risks for mental health.
150
What is psychopharmacology?
The study of how drugs are used to treat mental disorders.
## Footnote
It requires practitioners to stay updated on advances in the field.
151
What do psychopharmacologists need to understand?
* Basic psychopharmacology
* Basic neuroscience
* Clinical medicine
* Differential diagnosis of mental disorders
* Treatment options for mental disorders
## Footnote
This knowledge is essential for effective medication management.
152
What is the site of action in pharmacology?
The place in the body where a medication exerts its therapeutic effects.
## Footnote
Understanding this helps in determining how medications work.
153
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals in the brain that influence how neurons communicate with each other.
## Footnote
Examples include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
154
What types of antidepressants are there?
* Tricyclics and tetracyclics (TCAs)
* Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
* Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
## Footnote
These classifications are based on chemical structure and mechanism of action.
155
What is the primary mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease?
Acetylcholine neuron death
## Footnote
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and learning.
156
Where are acetylcholine receptors found?
Brain, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system’s ganglia, end organs of the parasympathetic branch
## Footnote
Acetylcholine receptors play a key role in neurotransmission.
157
Name the classes of antidepressants.
Tricyclics and tetracyclics (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
## Footnote
Each class has distinct mechanisms of action.
158
List some examples of tricyclics and tetracyclics.
* Elavil (amitriptyline)
* Anafranil (clomipramine)
* Tofranil (imipramine)
* Pamelor (nortriptyline)
* Norpramine (desipramine)
* Sinequan (doxepin)
* Vivactil (protriptyline hydrochloride)
## Footnote
These medications are used to treat depression and other mood disorders.
159
What disorders are SSRIs effective for?
* Depression
* Bipolar I disorder
* Dysthymic disorder
* Panic disorder
* Obsessive-compulsive disorder
* Borderline personality disorder
* Eating disorders
## Footnote
SSRIs are widely prescribed due to their safety profile.
160
Which SSRI is the most widely prescribed?
Prozac (fluoxetine)
## Footnote
It is preferred for its lower toxicity and fewer side effects.
161
Name other popular SSRIs.
* Paxil (paroxetine)
* Zoloft (sertraline)
* Luvox (fluvoxamine)
## Footnote
These medications help manage various psychological disorders.
162
What are anxiolytic drugs used for?
* Depression
* Social phobia
* Panic disorder
* Bipolar disorder
* Substance abuse withdrawal symptoms
## Footnote
Anxiolytics can help alleviate anxiety and related symptoms.
163
What class of drugs have mostly replaced barbiturates?
Benzodiazepines
## Footnote
Benzodiazepines are preferred for their safety and efficacy.
164
List some examples of anxiolytics.
* Xanax (alprazolam)
* Atenolol (tenormin)
* BuSpar (buspirone)
* Librium (chlordiazepoxide)
* Klonopin (clonazepam)
* Catapres (clonidine)
## Footnote
These medications are used to treat anxiety disorders.
165
What are antipsychotic drugs formerly called?
Major tranquilizers or neuroleptics
## Footnote
This terminology reflects their historical use in psychiatric treatment.
166
What is the primary action of antipsychotic medications?
Dopamine blocker
## Footnote
These medications help manage symptoms of psychosis.
167
List some conditions treated with antipsychotic drugs.
* Schizophrenia
* Schizoaffective disorder
* Schizophreniform disorder
* Delusional disorder
* Major depressive disorder with psychotic features
* Manic episodes
* Brief psychotic disorder
## Footnote
Antipsychotics are crucial in managing various severe mental illnesses.
168
What are common side effects of antipsychotic medications?
* Tardive dyskinesia
* Extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS)
* Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
## Footnote
These side effects can significantly impact the quality of life for patients.
169
What medications can be used to treat side effects of antipsychotics?
* Anticonvulsants
* Anticholinergics
* Anti-parkinsonism drugs
## Footnote
These medications help manage the adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment.
