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Praxis > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What must school psychologists have to serve diverse populations of public school students?

A

Preparation and expertise in the psychology of individual differences

This includes applying knowledge to develop interventions based on individual characteristics.

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2
Q

List the diverse backgrounds that school psychologists must be sensitive to.

A
  • Linguistic
  • Cultural
  • Racial
  • Ethnic
  • Socioeconomic
  • Biological
  • Gender-related
  • Personal individual disabilities and abilities
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3
Q

What are the essential skills school psychologists need to promote student learning?

A

Identifying specific learning needs and developing instructional strategies

This includes assessing various skills such as sensorimotor, cognitive, emotional, social, and academic performance.

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4
Q

True or False: Ethical principles for school psychologists include respect for human dignity.

A

True

This includes non-discrimination and fairness in interactions.

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5
Q

What trend in public school demographics was reported by the US Department of Education from 2000 to 2010?

A

A shift from 61% to 52% white and from 16% to 23% Hispanic

The proportions of ELL students also increased during this period.

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6
Q

What risks are associated with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students in public schools?

A
  • Increased risk of school failure
  • Overrepresentation in special education
  • Lowest scores in academic achievement
  • Highest risk of dropping out
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7
Q

What is the significance of including CLD samples in school psychology research?

A

Avoids incorrect generalization of results and inappropriate interventions

Studies without CLD samples can lead to ineffective practices for these groups.

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8
Q

What roles do cultural brokers fulfill in school settings?

A
  • Liaisons
  • Cultural guides
  • Mediators
  • Catalysts for change
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9
Q

What knowledge areas must cultural brokers have?

A
  • Community’s educational beliefs, values, and practices
  • Educational system navigation
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10
Q

What are the two key elements required for cultural brokers to effectively serve as mediators?

A
  • Establishing and sustaining trust with communities
  • Dedicating time to develop meaningful relationships
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11
Q

How can cultural brokers support school crisis prevention?

A

By understanding cultural value systems and involving community groups in crisis management

This includes civic associations, social clubs, and nonprofit advocacy groups.

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12
Q

What did Vygotsky and Luria discover about cultural bias in educational assessment?

A

Inherent cultural bias in judging problem-solving strategies

Evaluators often reflected their cultural frame of reference rather than the children’s cognitive abilities.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: To reduce classroom cultural bias, teachers should engage in _______.

A

[self-reflection]

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14
Q

What teaching style is associated with improved experiences for diverse students?

A

Warm demander teaching style

Combines affection with authority and mutual respect.

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15
Q

What did Arne Duncan characterize education as in his 2010 lecture?

A

A civil rights issue

He emphasized the need for education reform as a fight for social justice.

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16
Q

What is the impact of placing students in failing schools according to Mullenholz?

A

Undermines their human dignity

It limits their preparation for higher education and future choices.

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17
Q

What does social justice in education entail according to Mullenholz?

A

Preserving core values of solidarity and equality while protecting human dignity.

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18
Q

What is the consequence of placing students in failing schools?

A

It undermines their human dignity and limits their choices in life.

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19
Q

What is the main reason for reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)?

A

Reaffirming the human dignity of American students and their civil rights.

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20
Q

How does the author equate the American dream to students?

A

The dream of American students is equated to the American dream described by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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21
Q

What are the four elements for empowering educational entities according to Downes?

A
  • Autonomy
  • Diversity
  • Openness
  • Interactivity
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22
Q

What does the PISA find about countries that address social inequities?

A

They achieve better student learning outcomes.

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23
Q

What is the role of national attitudes in educational equity?

A

Attitudes of ‘we’re all in this together’ promote educational equity.

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24
Q

What are the four properties educators should seek in evaluating educational research?

A
  • Educational relevance
  • Objective, systematic, rigorous methodology
  • Enough detail for replication
  • Independent expert review
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25
Q

What is the significance of random assignment in educational research?

A

It enhances the validity of the study by ensuring participants are randomly selected.

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26
Q

True or False: Validity means a test measures what it claims to measure.

A

True

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27
Q

What are the four thematic questions guiding science-based school psychology practice?

A
  • Is there a problem, and what is it?
  • Why is the problem occurring?
  • What can we do about the problem?
  • Did the intervention work?
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28
Q

What does educational problem identification often define?

A

A discrepancy between teacher expectations and student performance.

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29
Q

What is the focus of problem-solving in education?

A

The discrepancy, not the behavior itself.

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30
Q

What is the first step in planning educational interventions?

A

Operationally defining the educational problem.

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31
Q

What is involved in progress monitoring?

A

Establishing a process for monitoring and evaluating intervention effectiveness.

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32
Q

What distinguishes quantitative research from qualitative research?

A

Quantitative research measures findings numerically; qualitative research describes phenomena in more depth.

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33
Q

What is the purpose of random sampling in research?

A

To ensure every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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34
Q

What does the independent variable represent in an experiment?

A

The presumed cause that affects the dependent variable.

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35
Q

What is the purpose of control groups in experiments?

A

To compare outcomes against those receiving the new intervention.

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36
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Variables that interfere with or confuse experiment results.

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37
Q

What is a longitudinal design in research?

A

A design that compares effects on the same group over time.

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: The best problem analyses use students’ actual school situations and materials for the most valid performance assessment through _______.

A

operationalizing current environmental performance demands.

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39
Q

What should be included in intervention components?

A
  • Antecedents
  • Alternative skills instruction
  • Instructional consequent strategies
  • Reduction-oriented consequent strategies
  • Long-term prevention strategies
  • Team member support
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40
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Confounding variables interfere with/confuse experiment results by also affecting the dependent variable

For example, getting more sleep/eating better could improve medical symptoms/student achievement instead of the new drug/instructional intervention.

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41
Q

How do researchers control for confounding variables?

A

Researchers control for confounding variables by making experimental conditions as equal as possible and applying statistical procedures.

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42
Q

What is a longitudinal design in research?

A

Longitudinal designs compare effects on the same group over time, typically years.

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43
Q

What is a cross-sectional design in research?

A

Cross-sectional designs compare effects between/among different groups concurrently.

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44
Q

What do cross-sequential designs combine?

A

Cross-sequential designs combine longitudinal and cross-sectional methods, testing different age cohorts at different times.

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45
Q

What is a normal distribution?

A

A normal distribution is graphed as a bell-shaped curve, with the largest number of scores/values falling in the center.

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46
Q

What does a positively skewed distribution look like?

A

A distribution with many low scores and a few unusually high scores.

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47
Q

In a negatively skewed distribution, how do the mean and median compare?

A

In negatively skewed distributions, the mean is smaller than the median.

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48
Q

What are measures of central tendency?

A

Measures of central tendency include the mean, median, and mode.

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49
Q

What is sampling error?

A

Sampling error is the difference between the values obtained for the sample and values of the same variable(s) for the corresponding population.

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50
Q

What is a random sample?

A

A random sample is selected by chance, assuring every population member an equal possibility of being chosen.

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51
Q

What are confidence intervals?

A

Confidence intervals are statistical percentages showing how often the researchers will be incorrect in predicting population results from sample results.

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52
Q

What does statistical significance indicate?

A

Statistical significance indicates whether an experiment’s result is due to chance or to a relationship between/among specific variables.

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53
Q

According to NASP, what practices permeate all aspects of service delivery?

A

Making measurements, collecting data, analyzing data, accountability, and using technology resources.

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54
Q

What approach do school psychologists use for professional activities?

A

School psychologists use a problem-solving approach.

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55
Q

What is treatment fidelity?

A

Treatment fidelity refers to evaluating how correctly educators have implemented the interventions recommended by school psychologists.

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56
Q

What is the purpose of Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)?

A

AYP requires schools to show that their students have learned and achieved enough during each school year to meet mandated standards.

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57
Q

How do schools document AYP?

A

Schools document AYP by submitting figures showing student scores on high-stakes standardized testing instruments.

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58
Q

What happens if a school cannot demonstrate accountability for AYP?

A

If a school cannot demonstrate accountability for AYP, it must develop and implement a School Improvement Plan (SIP).

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59
Q

What is the range in statistics?

A

The range is obtained by subtracting the smallest score from the largest score.

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60
Q

True or False: A negatively skewed distribution has more high scores than low scores.

A

False.

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61
Q

Fill in the blank: A distribution with many high scores and a few unusually low ones is _______.

A

negatively skewed.

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62
Q

What role do school psychologists have in evaluating programs?

A

School psychologists use valid, reliable, and systematic procedures for collecting data to evaluate program effectiveness.

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63
Q

What technology resources do school psychologists use for data collection?

A

School psychologists utilize computer programs and spreadsheet programs for data analysis.

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64
Q

What is the impact of larger sample sizes on sampling error?

A

The larger the sample selected, the smaller the amount of sampling error.

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65
Q

What role do school psychologists play in instructional support?

A

They develop and implement evidence-based instructional strategies to improve student achievement based on assessment data

This includes promoting student-centered learning and collaborating with staff.

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66
Q

What are some strategies used by school psychologists to promote student learning?

A

They apply current empirical research on cognition and learning, develop effective instructional strategies, and utilize assistive technology.

This promotes student cognitive and academic skills.

67
Q

What is the primary focus of mental health services provided by school psychologists?

A

To integrate mental health services and behavioral supports into academic goals for students.

This includes helping students develop self-regulation, empathy, and healthy decision-making.

68
Q

What are the components of professional practices to promote schoolwide learning?

A

Developing behavior change programs, collaborating on effective policies, and promoting supportive school climates.

This includes applying evidence-based strategies and actively helping develop school improvement plans.

69
Q

What is the purpose of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing?

A

To supply criteria for evaluating testing practices and test instruments in education and psychology.

These standards apply to a wide variety of standardized instruments.

70
Q

What does Principle I of the National Association of School Psychologists’ ethical principles emphasize?

A

Respecting the dignity and rights of all persons.

This includes autonomy, privacy, and fair treatment.

71
Q

What does Principle II of the ethical principles require from school psychologists?

A

To act for others’ benefit and practice within their competency limits.

This includes taking responsibility for their actions and using scientific knowledge.

72
Q

Which principle focuses on honesty and integrity in professional relationships?

A

Principle III.

It requires truthful communication and cooperation with other professionals.

73
Q

What is included in Principle IV regarding responsibility?

A

Promoting healthy environments and working to reform social injustices.

This involves ethical behavior and contributing to the school psychology knowledge base.

74
Q

Fill in the blank: The American Educational Research Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education developed the __________ for Educational and Psychological Testing.

A

[Standards]

75
Q

True or False: The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing apply to observational forms and unstructured behavioral checklists.

A

False

The standards do not apply to unstandardized questionnaires or teacher-made tests.

76
Q

What is one of the main focuses of school psychologists in developing curricula?

A

Helping students develop planning, organization, self-regulation, and empathy skills.

This is part of the mental health services integration.

77
Q

What is the significance of the historical background of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing?

A

It shows the evolution and collaboration of major organizations in developing testing standards since 1966.

This includes revisions and updates to the standards over the decades.

78
Q

What are the three parts of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing?

A

Foundations, Operations, and Testing Applications.

Each part addresses different aspects of testing practices.

79
Q

What does the ethical principle of Fairness and Justice require from school psychologists?

A

To nurture safe, welcoming school climates without discrimination.

This includes promoting equal opportunities for all students.

80
Q

What is the role of school psychologists in crisis situations?

A

To use data-based problem-solving and decision-making procedures for crisis prevention and recovery.

They are also involved in delivering mental health support during crises.

81
Q

What was the first edition of the Standards of Educational and Psychological Testing published by the AERA?

A

1966

The first edition was prepared by a committee of AERA, APA, and NCME representatives.

82
Q

How many times have the Standards of Educational and Psychological Testing been revised since the first edition?

A

Four times: in 1974, 1985, 1999, and 2014.

83
Q

What are the five areas of focus in the 2014 edition of the Standards?

A
  • Accountability issues related to using tests in educational policy
  • Widening the concept of accessibility for all examinees
  • Comprehensive representation of the role of tests in workplace settings
  • Increasing use of technology in testing
  • Improvements in the book’s structure
84
Q

What ethical obligation do school psychologists have regarding computer technology?

A

To explore ways in which computers can expedite professional practice.

85
Q

True or False: The NASPE code of ethics provides specific guidance regarding technology use for school psychologists.

A

False.

86
Q

According to experts, what should school psychologists focus on when using technology?

A

Enhancing their practice rather than replacing traditional practices.

87
Q

What organization published a code of ethics including guidelines for the use of materials and technology?

A

California Association of School Psychologists (CASP).

88
Q

Fill in the blank: IDEA originally stood for ______.

A

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act.

89
Q

What was the previous name of IDEA before it was reauthorized in 1990?

A

Public Law 94-142/the Education for All Handicapped Children Act.

90
Q

What does IDEA guarantee for children with disabilities?

A

A free, appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE).

91
Q

What is the purpose of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA?

A

To ensure availability of FAPE, protection of rights, and support for educating children with disabilities.

92
Q

What does Part B of the IDEA regulations authorize?

A

Federal funding to US states for delivering services to children and youth with disabilities.

93
Q

Define ‘specific learning disability’ as per IDEA.

A

A disorder affecting one or more fundamental psychological processes involved in using or understanding spoken and written language.

94
Q

What does Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protect?

A

Individuals with qualifying disabilities against discrimination.

95
Q

True or False: Section 504 applies only to educational institutions.

A

False.

96
Q

What are major life activities as defined under Section 504?

A
  • Breathing
  • Seeing
  • Hearing
  • Speaking
  • Walking
  • Self-care
  • Learning
  • Manual tasks
  • Working
97
Q

What does ADA stand for?

A

Americans with Disabilities Act.

98
Q

What does Title I of the ADA prohibit?

A

Discrimination in employment against qualified individuals with disabilities.

99
Q

What must employers provide under the ADA unless it creates undue hardship?

A

Reasonable accommodations.

100
Q

What is the burden of proof for students claiming discrimination under the ADA?

A

They must prove they were affected by adverse actions based on their disabilities.

101
Q

What does the ADA prohibit regarding services?

A

Prohibits retaliation against people who refuse inadequate services or file complaints of violations of ADA regulations.

102
Q

What must students prove to claim discrimination under the ADA?

A

Students have the burden of proof that they were affected by adverse actions based on their disabilities.

103
Q

What is required for students to qualify for ADA protection?

A

Students must prove they have disabilities as defined by the law, are qualified otherwise, and need reasonable accommodations.

104
Q

How does ADA protection vary for students?

A

Protection varies based on how much a disability interferes with major life activities.

105
Q

What happens to discrimination claims if students do not meet minimum requirements?

A

Courts dismiss claims if students do not meet minimum admission or educational program maintenance requirements.

106
Q

Are educational institutions required to lower admission standards for students with disabilities?

A

No, institutions are not required to lower admission standards.

107
Q

What is the role of educational officials in determining program requirements?

A

Courts typically defer to educational officials’ expertise to assess whether requirements are essential.

108
Q

What is the difference between K-12 and postsecondary education regulations for students with disabilities?

A

K-12 requires both accommodations and modifications; postsecondary requires only reasonable accommodations.

109
Q

What do testing accommodations aim to achieve for students with disabilities?

A

To enable effective assessment of student knowledge without disadvantaging students with disabilities.

110
Q

Who proposed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)?

A

President Lyndon B. Johnson.

111
Q

What was the purpose of the ESEA when it was signed into law in 1965?

A

To make additional resources available to students at risk for school failure.

112
Q

What significant legislation followed the ESEA and when was it reauthorized?

A

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) reauthorized in 2001.

113
Q

What were some shortcomings of the No Child Left Behind Act?

A

Punishing failure more than rewarding success; giving states incentives for lower standards; disregarding progress in favor of absolute test scores.

114
Q

What did the ESEA provide for low-income college students?

A

Establishment of scholarships for low-income college students.

115
Q

Fill in the blank: The ADA requires higher education institutions to provide reasonable accommodations in test administration to qualified students with _______.

A

[disabilities]

116
Q

True or False: The ADA allows modifications to the actual content of tests for students with disabilities.

A

False.

117
Q

What are the implications of a student needing note-taking help in a lecture course?

A

It may be necessary for one student but not for another depending on individual circumstances.

118
Q

What was the main purpose of the NCLB Act reauthorization in 2007?

A

To update outdated NCLB requirements and address achievement gaps.

119
Q

Who emphasized greater transparency and allowed more flexibility in NCLB regulations in 2012?

A

President Obama.

120
Q

By 2015, how many states, including D.C. and Puerto Rico, had flexibility within/around NCLB?

A

43 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

121
Q

What did Secretary Duncan identify as a vision for a new ESEA in January 2015?

A
  • Expanding high-quality preschool access
  • Informing parents and teachers of student progress
  • Supporting school administrators and teachers
  • Encouraging district and school problem-solving innovations
  • Investing in high-poverty districts and schools
  • Supporting students in lowest-performing schools and underserved populations.
122
Q

What were the Buckley-Pell amendments to FERPA primarily aimed at?

A

Resolving concerns and ambiguities identified by institutions, students, and parents.

123
Q

What significant change did the Buckley-Pell amendments make to the definition of ‘education records’?

A

Replaced a specific list with the term ‘education records’ defined broadly.

124
Q

Name one category of records excluded from FERPA under the Buckley-Pell amendments.

A
  • Records solely held by administrative, instructional, and supervisory personnel
  • Law enforcement records maintained for law enforcement purposes
  • Records of personnel not in attendance
  • Treatment records by psychologists, psychiatrists, or physicians.
125
Q

What rights did the Buckley-Pell amendments reinforce for parents regarding educational records?

A
  • Right to inspect/review children’s educational records
  • Right to challenge educational records content
  • Right to consent to educational records disclosure.
126
Q

What landmark case did PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972) address?

A

Access to public education for children with intellectual disabilities.

127
Q

What was the primary ruling in PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania?

A

Exclusion of children with disabilities from public education violated the Equal Protection Clause.

128
Q

What did the PARC case lead to in terms of legislation?

A

It contributed to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, ADA of 1990, and IDEA.

129
Q

In Lau v. Nichols (1971), what was the main allegation made by the plaintiffs?

A

Denial of equal educational opportunities due to lack of English language instruction.

130
Q

What was the outcome of the District Court’s decision in Lau v. Nichols?

A

The court denied relief based on the reasoning that individual differences were not school-related.

131
Q

What did the Supreme Court grant in Lau v. Nichols due to the public significance of the issue?

A

A writ of certiorari.

132
Q

Fill in the blank: The Buckley Amendment to FERPA was signed into law on _______.

A

August 21, 1974.

133
Q

True or False: The original FERPA allowed release of personally identifiable information without parental consent.

A

False.

134
Q

What did the Buckley-Pell amendments clarify about directory information?

A

Required public notice and allowed parents to refuse disclosure without permission.

135
Q

What did the Buckley-Pell amendments specify about recordkeeping for educational institutions?

A

Institutions must keep records of all access requests to student education records.

136
Q

What case involved the Supreme Court granting a writ of certiorari due to public significance?

A

Lau v. Nichols (1971)

The Supreme Court recognized the importance of language instruction for non-English speaking students.

137
Q

What was the main issue in Lau v. Nichols (1971)?

A

Denial of education due to lack of English language instruction for non-English speaking students

The case involved children of Chinese immigrants in San Francisco public schools.

138
Q

What did the Supreme Court identify as requirements of the California Education Code in Lau v. Nichols?

A
  • English as the basic language of instruction in all schools
  • Full-time compulsory education for students aged 6-16
  • English proficiency standards for high school graduation
139
Q

What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Lau v. Nichols (1971)?

A

The Court overturned the Court of Appeals judgment and mandated appropriate relief for the complainants

The ruling emphasized that equal curriculum did not guarantee equal treatment.

140
Q

In Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (1982), what did Amy Rowley’s IEP require?

A
  • Regular classroom placement
  • Continued hearing aid use
  • One hour daily Deaf education tutoring
  • Three hours weekly SLP therapy
141
Q

What was the Supreme Court’s conclusion regarding Amy Rowley’s education?

A

Amy was not receiving Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) because she was not achieving her full potential

The Court noted a discrepancy between her potential and academic performance.

142
Q

What did the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA, 1975) aim to achieve?

A

Make public education available to children with disabilities

It did not guarantee specific educational outcomes.

143
Q

What was the main issue in Irving Independent School District v. Tatro (1984)?

A

Whether the school district was required to perform clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) for Amber Tatro during school hours

144
Q

What did the Supreme Court rule in Irving Independent School District v. Tatro regarding CIC?

A

CIC was a ‘related service’ under EHA, necessary for Amber to benefit from special education

The Court found that CIC was not a medical service but a supportive service.

145
Q

What was the ruling in Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon (1993)?

A

The court found in favor of Rafael Oberti, stating that students with disabilities should not be segregated without considering supports for inclusion

146
Q

What precedent was set by the court in Oberti v. Board of Education?

A

Schools must consider the whole range of supplemental aids and services for students with disabilities

The ruling emphasized efforts to modify regular education programs to enable curriculum access.

147
Q

True or False: The Supreme Court in Lau v. Nichols cited the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause.

A

False

The Court cited Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 instead.

148
Q

Fill in the blank: The Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified School District was required to ensure students were not denied equal educational opportunities on the basis of _______.

A

race, color, national origin, or language deficiency

149
Q

What must schools consider before segregating students with disabilities?

A

Schools must consider ‘the whole range of supplemental aids and services’ and make ‘efforts to modify the regular education program’ to enable curriculum access.

150
Q

What was the outcome of Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon (1993)?

A

The case enabled the Obertis to place their son Rafael in a regular education classroom, setting a precedent for other families under IDEA.

151
Q

What is ‘the Oberti test’?

A

‘The Oberti test’ establishes high standards for school districts regarding the segregation of special-needs students.

152
Q

What were some limitations of the ruling in Oberti v. Board of Education?

A
  • Insufficient family litigation resources
  • Inadequate services and supports
  • Unqualified teachers
153
Q

What was the purpose of the class-action suit Gaskin v. Commonwealth (1994)?

A

To enforce school compliance with inclusive education and supports mandated by IDEA.

154
Q

What did the Court decide in the case of Newport-Mesa Unified School District v. State of California Department of Education?

A

The Court ruled that federal copyright law did not supersede California Education Code section 56504, requiring schools to provide copies of test protocols.

155
Q

What were the factors considered in the conflict between federal copyright law and California Education Code?

A
  • Nature and purpose of test use
  • Nature of copyrighted work
  • Amount used
  • Market effect
156
Q

What conclusion did the Court reach regarding the provision of test protocols to parents?

A

Providing test protocols to parents would be considered fair use under 17 U.S.C., § 107.

157
Q

What recommendations did the Court make to protect school districts from copyright violations?

A

The Court recommended updating section 56504 to include standards for protecting disclosures for parents and addressing copyright concerns.

158
Q

What did the plaintiffs challenge in Larry P. v. Riles?

A

The plaintiffs challenged the placement process for EMR classes, including the use of standardized IQ tests which they claimed were racially and culturally biased.

159
Q

What was the racial representation in EMR classes compared to the general population in California?

A

While only 10% of K-12 students were black, 25% of students in EMR classes were black, indicating gross overrepresentation.

160
Q

Which laws did the Court find were violated in Larry P. v. Riles?

A
  • Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • 1973 Rehabilitation Act
  • Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA, 1975)
  • Federal and state constitutional guarantees of equal protection
161
Q

What did the court order in 1972 regarding the placement of black students in EMR classes?

A

The court ordered that black students could not be placed in EMR classes primarily based on IQ test scores if it caused racial imbalances.

162
Q

What did the defendants voluntarily implement in 1975 in response to the court’s ruling?

A

A statewide IQ testing moratorium for EMR placement, regardless of student race.

163
Q

What was the significance of the Department of Justice’s involvement in Larry P. v. Riles?

A

The Department of Justice supported the plaintiffs’ claims, reinforcing the argument against discriminatory practices in special education placements.

Praxis (4 decks)

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