Stucky Chapter 21 Toxic Exposure in Utero

Question 1

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Answer 1

Is an umbrella term that describes the cranial facial, cardiovascular, skeletal, and neurological deficits that occur when alcohol is consumed during pregnancy

– Leading cause of preventable, intellectual disability, birth defects, and developmental disorders in the western hemisphere 

Question 2

alcohol use during the first and second trimester

Answer 2

– Interferes with the migration, proliferation, and organization of brain cells, resulting in varying, cranial, facial and brain malformations

Question 3

Alcohol used during the third trimester

Answer 3

is associated with damage to the cerebellum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex 

Question 4

Neurochemical effects of alcohol may include

Answer 4

– Increase turnover of norepinephrine and dopamine
– Decrease transmission in acetylcholine systems
– Increase transmission in GABA SYSTEM
Dash increase production of beta endorphin in the hypothalamus 

Question 5

structural abnormalities associated with FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)

Answer 5

– Microcephaly
– Migrational abnormalities
Dash disproportionate reductions in gray and white matter volumes, particularly in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
White matter, hypoplasia > gray matter hyperplasia
, White matter may be disproportionately impacted 

Question 6

FAS diagnosis(4)

Answer 6

1. Growth deficiency.
   2. cranial facial features.
2. Central nervous system dysfunction.
   – Structural abnormalities (microcephaly, callosal a genesis )or cerebellar hypoplasia)
   – Hard, neurologic signs (seizures, soft signs, fine or gross motor problems, or hearing loss)
   – Functional abnormalities (general, cognitive deficits, deficits in memory, executive functions, attentional deficits, learning disabilities)
3. prenatal alcohol exposure 

Question 7

Global prevalence of FAS

Answer 7

10%