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Stuart England Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the throne passed to James

A

Elizabeth I did not have an heir and James I has a direct bloodline to Henry VII and he was male, as well as Protestant.

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2
Q

Why was Mary Queen of Scots not the monarch after Elizabeth

A

Mary Queen of Scots was involved in the Babington Plot, a plot where her and Sir Anthony Babington, along with his catholic friends, were conspiring to murder Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots. The evidence of this were coded letters including Mary’s signature. She was later executed although Elizabeth didn’t want to as they were cousins but her advisors encourgaed her

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3
Q

What bloodline starts with James I

A

Staurts

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4
Q

Did James I keep peace between Protestants and Catholics

A

No. People thought he would be fair towards Catholics as his mother was also catholic. He angered many Catholics after ordering their ‘troublesome’ priests to leave England. He also angered Puritans who left England forever after failing to impress the church in 1604. Some Catholics were so infuriated they conjured the gunpowder plot

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5
Q

What was the name of the retaliation plot against the parliament

A

Gunpowder plot in 1605

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6
Q

What was James I’s relation with the parliament

A

James needed parliament but he only wanted them to agree with him. James was a firm believer of the Divine right of kings and thought only God could tell him what to do. He also lost a lot of wars with France and Spain. These wars were costly and he was running out of money repeatedly. The king asked the parliamentarians to collect money for him again but they refused, he then sent them home for 10 years

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7
Q

Why was James called the Scruffy Stuart

A

People said that he swore a lot and picked his nose. He also never bathed and rolled his eyes at strangers

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8
Q

What was James I’s favourite subject

A

Witchcraft and he wrote about dangers of tobacco, à popular subject at the time

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9
Q

What date was James I told he was King and how

A

In the early hours of 24 March 1603, Elizabeth died and a messenger called Robert Carey rode to Scotland by a horse to tell James

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10
Q

How old was James I when he became King of England

A

36 years old in 1603

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11
Q

What was the gunpowder plot

A

The gunpowder plot was a conspiracy formed by catholics to retaliate against the king as a result of poor treatment for the king towards catholics. The main man of this plot was Guido Fawkes. The plan was to blow up the house of parliament on the 5th of November as everyone involved with the parliament would be meeting. The morning of the 5th of November a letter was received by Lord Monteagle warning him not to go to the house of parliament as there would be a terrible blow. The letter also quoted they were warning him because he was a ‘brave Catholic’ and not to tell anyone. Lord monteagle warned the king and police. The police searched the building and found Guido Fawkes surrounded by 34 barrels of gunpowder and a match. He was later tortured and died after being questioned

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12
Q

Reasons to suggest Guy Fawkes is guilty

A

He was found in a cellar surrounded by 34 barrels of gunpowder and a match. He was also a devout catholic, meaning he has a motive to want to kill the king as well as the parliament. He ‘lied’ in the interview saying he drank at a pub then walked home but after being tortured again he admitted to being a part of the gunpowder plot as well as his co-conspirators names.

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13
Q

Reasons to suggest why Guido Fawkes is not guilty

A

Guy Fawkes could not have gotten 34 barrels of gunpowder without anybody noticing, especially as he is catholic. The government can only sell gunpowder to police, navy and the army. A theory is Robert Cecil, a puritan, thought James was too sympathetic with Catholics so he set up this plot to let James know they must not be trusted as Cecil could get away with taking gunpowder. Fawkes’ confession could have been coerced to stop the torture.

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14
Q

3 people from the gunpowder plot

A

Robert Catesby, Thomas Percy and Francis Tresham

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15
Q

What did Thomas Percy do

A

He rented out the cellar directly under the throne where the king would be sitting so he was easily found as one of the conspirers

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16
Q

What was Robert Catesby’s plan

A

He was going to kidnap James only daughter and make her a puppet queen, a monarch controlled by other people. She was 9 years old

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17
Q

Why did people suspect Francis Tresham as betraying the plot

A

He was Lord Monteagle’s brother in law. When Catesby told him the plan, he seemed disgusted that they would want to blow up Protestants as well as Catholics. He also tried to talk them outa of the plot and bribed the leader to give it up. He most likely told his brother in law to save him.

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18
Q

Where and when was Charles I born

A

He was born in Scotland in 1600. He was James I’s second son

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19
Q

What impression did James I give to his people

A

He appointed royal judges to hold regular criminal trials and prevented powerful lords/ highland chiefs rebelling but he didn’t have the respect of his country and parliament.

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20
Q

Describe Guy Fawkes’ torture

A

His limbs were pulled and his hands were crushed, so much so his signature before and after look completely different ash he could barely hold a pen

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21
Q

Why was Charles I crowned if he was the second son

A

His older brother Henry died before coronation

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22
Q

When was Charles I crowned

A

1625

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23
Q

When was the English Civil War

A

It started in 1642 August when Charles rallied an army in Nottingham

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24
Q

Economic causes of the English civil war

A

In 1629, the Parliament refused to keep collecting money for the king as he kept wasting it on wars with France and Spain and losing every time so he fired the parliament for 11 years (the 11 years Tyranny). From 1634, Charles implemented Ship Tax to compensate for the warfare and without a parliament, this is where people in coastal areas have to pay for the ships defending their coast but some people in urban areas were charged as well.

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25
Religious causes of the English civil war
In 1625, Charles married a French catholic princess, but England was Protestant. Charles strongly believed in the Divine Right of Kings and believed the parliament shouldn’t tell him what to do. In 1637, Charles introduced a new “Catholic” prayer book in Scotland and it caused a riot
26
Political causes of English Civil War
In 1628, the parliament passed a law to stop thr king making new taxes. In 1640, the parliament arrested ArchBishop Laud for treason: he was enforcing Charles’ religious policies but that is considered treason to the parliament. In 1641, a MP called John Pam published the Grand Remonstrance, listing all Charles’ political faults. Also during this year, the parliament executed the kings friend/ advisor (earl of Stratford) for treason .In January 1641, Charles and 400 soldiers illegally entered the House of Commons to arrest 5 “rebel” MPs but they weren’t there as another MP had warned them beforehand. This action was greatly frowned upon as it was the first time a monarch has ever entered the House of Commons and it was a weak move seeing as they weren’t even there.
27
What were the two sides named in the Civil War
Royalists (King) and Parliamentarians (Parliament)
28
Nicknames for royalists and parliamentarians
Royalists were nicknamed cavaliers and parliamentarians were nicknamed Roundheads
29
Describe Royalist arguments
They were also known as cavaliers as they rode on horseback. Many rich people supported the king as they weren’t greatly affected by the taxes and merchants supported Charles as well since they support God
30
Describe parliamentarian arguments
They were nicknamed Roundheads beach’s they had short, bowl shaped haircuts. Poor farmers would support them because they think ship tax is unfair and expensive and due to the king’s mistakes. Puritans probably supported the parliament too as Charles married a catholic princess. MPs would support themselves as Charle used them to collect money
31
What was the army from the parliamentarians
It was called the New Model Army because they had uniforms+ got paid and it was led by Oliver Cromwell
32
What areas in UK supported Charles or the parliament
Charles- Ireland, Wales Parliament- Scotland and most of England
33
What were the most important places to both armies
London was the base for parliament but Oxford was the base for the king. Bristol was swapped around a lot because if you took Bristol you could take over the South West
34
When did the civil war end
3 September 1651
35
When and where was Charles I executed
Tuesday January 30 1649 outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall London
36
State events witnessed at Charles’ execution
Children were brought, signifying how important this was and the change it would bring to Britain. People were shocked as it was the first execution of a king. Some even collected his blood on handkerchiefs and tissues as they wanted to honour him and may keep it because they thought it was sacred and used it for hope to bring miracles. The executioner of the king had a mask and a beard which means they were afraid of being attacked by royalists after. Procession (priests and guards) walked him to the wooden scaffold.
37
What were reasons supporting the execution of the king
The king was selfish and only thought for himself and that is against God’s justice, he fought against his own people and parliamentand the victory of Cromwell’s army suggests God was not siding with Charles (providence)
38
What were the reasons opposing the execution of the king
There is no court to try a king, England needs a king, he was chosen by God and they are sinning
39
Who took over after Charles’ execution and what was their behaviour
The parliament were under leadership of Oliver Cromwell. He was a republican, meaning he wanted a democracy and to get rid of the monarchy. However, once in power he increasingly acted like a king
40
What was the period where Britain has no king and when was it
The period of 1649-1660 is known as the Republic or Interregnum
41
What rules did Oliver Cromwell establish
Since he was a puritan( a strict Protestant), he banned sports and entertainment, even football, so people will just pray. He divided the country into 11 districts and appointed a major general for each one. The bible never said to celebrate Christmas so he banned it so people can only pray. He also promoted people based on their ability not status and as a result, his army was stronger with France and Spain fearing him. He also allowed Jewish worship.
42
What name was given to Oliver Cromwell
He was named Lord Protector in 1653
43
When did the Stuart family rule over England
1603-1714
44
Who was King during the Frost Faire of 1683-84
King Charles II, a known party animal
45
What was the Frost Faire of 1683-84
In the winter of 163-84, the river Thames froze for 2 months during the Little Ice Age and people set up market stalls, did ice skating and ate food. It shows what everyday life, celebration and weather was like during that time
46
Who was the main person involved in King Charles I’s trial
John Bradshaw
47
Was Oliver Cromwell the judge in Charles I’s trial
No but he supported the trial and signed the death warrant but was not a judge
48
What did John Bradshaw wear
He wore a metal hat to protect him in case he was shot at.
49
Describe King Charles I’s trial
Day 1- Charles was brought to court in WestMinster Hall in London. There were 67 judges instead of 135 (Saturday January 20 1649) Day 2- Monday 22 January 1649, 70 judges arrived and three king did not plead innocent or guilty as he believed the parliament wouldn’t do anything Day 3- Tuesday 23 January 1649, 71 judges arrived and Charles was sent away after a few minutes and he said no law takes a king as prisoner Day 4,5,6,- 24 to 26 January 1649, the judges discussed without the king and named thr king guilty Day 7- 68 judges arrived and Charles attempted to make a statement as he realised his execution was serious but he wasn’t allowed as he was already named guilty. He was to be executed on Tuesday 30 January 1649 and 59 judges signed off on the execution
50
What was Charles I considered as to the parliamentarians
A traitor, murderer and a public enemy
51
Who executed Charles I
It is not a definite person but 38 men refused the offer of being paid more but 2 agreed
52
What were coffee houses
They opened in 1650s. Coffee was first used medically but became a more social area. Merchants and professionals went to discuss business. They preferred it to ale houses as it was less violent and could focus. Women were not typically allowed unless they owned or worked at the coffee house
53
What did rich people eat during Stuart England
Pineapples, chocolate, tomatoes, potatoes, sugar, tea, hot chocolate, coffee and meat (mainly beef and goose)
54
What were the risks of the rich people’s diets
Obesity and rotting teeth
55
What was the diet like for the poor in Stuart England
Pottage, beans, onions. If someone was a rural peasant they could get milk, berries and egg
56
What were the risks of poor people’s diets
Less resistant to infection due to poor nutrition
57
What were 4 dining trends
Forks, dining rooms for privacy, pewter plates instead of wood and exotic fruits like pineapple displayed to flex the host’s wealth
58
How did people cope with the great plague
People prayed, tried to flee but watchmen kept them in London to prevent the spread, religious processions like fasts, and death
59
What did plague doctors wear
They wore miasma beaks as they thought the disease came from bad smells
60
When was the great plague
1665
61
What did people think caused the great plague of 1665
Miasma, God’s punishment, astrology or dirty living (poor people or foreigners), 1666 has the last 3 digits as the devils number
62
How did astrology link to the great plague of 1665
People believed a strange alignment of Saturn and Jupiter in 1664 (plus a comet) was a warning from the heavens that a disaster was coming
63
What really caused the great plague of 1665
A type of flea that lived in rats. When the rat died, the fleas would bite humans and it only spread.
64
What was the treatment for dead/ infected people
Dead people were buried in mass graves far away and not burned (prevention of miasma). Infected people were locked in a room
65
Why did the numbers of doctors decrease during the great plague
Many doctors caught the flea and died, while others left to avoid infection
66
What were symptoms of the great plague
Fever, coughing up blood and sores/ buboes
67
Which group of people suffered most physically
Poor suffered the most as they couldn’t leave London and had to live on the unsanitary streets, where rats were even more attracted to
68
When did Charles II return to London
February 1666
69
When did the great plague end
Early 1666 but no set date
70
What were the Rules and Orders in 1666 to prevent the spread
1. No stranger is allowed to enter a town unless they have a certificate of health 2. No public gatherings such as funerals were allowed 3. No unwholesome meat, fish or other food could be sold in shops 4. No cats or dogs could roam in the streets 5. No more alehouses to be opened 6. Each town must provide lane and a building to be used for a pest house (quarantine) 7. Infected houses must be shut for 40 days with a Red Cross painted on the door and watchmen to stop people leaving 8. After 40 days, a house that was shut up could be reopened 9. People who died should not be buried in churchyards but plague pits outside the city 10. Money collected should be used to help the poor and sick for relief
71
How did the great plague end
It ended in early 1666 which is during winter so it killed many fleas. Many were isolated so the fleas couldn’t spread as well and the left over flees were burnt in the Great Fire of London
72
What happened to cats and dogs that roamed the streets in London
They were killed because people thought they would spread the plague. Ironically, this made things worse as cats eat the rats, which are the real cause, so so of them roamed
73
What happened to an infected house after 40 days
The Red Cross was removed, the watchmen left and the house could re-open
74
When did the great fire of London begin and end
2 September 1666 (Sunday/ Lord’s Day so some saw it as a punishment from god ) to 6 September 1666
75
How do we know about the great fire of London
Pepys’ diary
76
What did Pepys write down in his diary about the great fire of London
Pepys found out when his maid told him and the fire started around 3 in the morning from Thomas Farriner’s bakery on pudding lane. He woke up at 7 later to find out 300 houses had burned down. People were taking belongings and going on boats so he took a boat to Whitehall Palace, where the king was to warn Charles II on the fire. Samuel Pepys’ suggestion was to tear houses down and he was ordered to tell the Lord Mayor of London. Houses were burning very quickly. People also stored precious items in churches as they are made of stone. Pepys ended the night on a dinner party
77
What happened to the price of boats during the great fire of London
They went up it is called profiteering- making products more expensive in a time of crisis
78
Why did the fire spread so quickly
The houses were compacted, made of wood and contained oils, tarr and pitch on roofs, strong wind, drought and no rain
79
What was saved/ lost in the great fire of London
Saved- Westminster school (near powerful buildings and a very old school) and Whitehall Palace (king lived there) but both were in the west far from fire Lost- St Paul’s Cathedral (made of wood and burned on 4 September 1666) and 13 thousand homes, and businesses, 6 lives and 87 churches (including St Paul’s)
80
What was the most destructive day of the great fire of London
Day 3 (Tuesday) because it was hot, dry and windy
81
Why did the great fire of London calm down later
It has less wind
82
Consequences of the great fire of london
1. Fire reduced fleas 2. A law was introduced limiting wood use in homes and houses were to be built from stone 3. Streets were widened to prevent spreading 4. The insurance industry was established 5. Sanitation improvements 6. A new St Paul’s Cathedral was built 7. 6000 new homes were built by 1670 and lost of jobs were made 8. No new lanes or alleys were built without strict planning permission 9. Houses can only be 4 stories high
83
Why was St Paul’s Cathedral so important
It was the biggest church in London, most important (used) church, a national landmark and a burial of important people
84
What was written under the Red Cross on doors
Lord have mercy upon us
85
What was the name of the parliament before the civil war
Short parliament
86
Who rebuilt St Paul’s Cathedral
Sir Christopher Wren
87
What happened to the regicides after Charles II was the monarch
Executed, hanged, imprisoned, some escaped and the ones who were already dead were dug up and publicly ashamed
88
Who were the regicides for Charles I
The people that signed on the death warrant
89
What was sir called when Charles II came back to rule England
The Restoration
90
What was Charles II called when he came back after the Interregnum
The Merry Monarch because he brought back fun activities that the puritan rules wouldn’t allow
91
Why did Charles II go into exile
After his father was executed in 1649, England became a republic. Charles II had to flee because monarchy was considered dangerous. Scotland agreed with monarchy so he ruled there and went to war with Cromwell in 1651 the Battle of Worcester but Charles lost so he went into hiding
92
Where did Charles go into hiding
In an oak tree in Shropshire in a royalist family’s home, Penderals
93
How long was Charles II in exile
11 years during the Interregnum
94
How did Oliver Cromwell die
His son Richard took over as Lord Protector unofficially but he couldn’t maintain power as he want accepted by the army (no military experience) or public (tired of dull lives and Richard was weak) so he resigned in 1659. The country fell into chaos with no strong leader. General George Monck from Scotland took control and helped restore Charles II as king in May 1660.
95
What happened after Cromwell died and how did it lead to the Restoration
His son Richard took over as Lord Protector unofficially but he couldn’t maintain power as he want accepted by the army (no military experience) or public (tired of dull lives and Richard was weak) so he resigned in 1659. The country fell into chaos with no strong leader. General George Monck from Scotland took control and helped restore Charles II as king in 1660.

History year 8 (4 decks)

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