Industrial Revolution Flashcards

Question

How did better doctors/ nurses make the population higher

Answer 1

Increase in birth rate- Gave more advice on how to care for infants to ensure they live long and healthily Decrease in death rate- After 1870, antiseptics and anaesthesia was used to have operation run safer and cleaner. Fewer patients died of shock and infections.

Answer 2

Increase in birth rate-It increased infant survival Decrease in death rate- After 1850, councils cleaned up their towns and cities. Clean water supplies, better housing and cleaner public areas were established so less diseases were spread, especially waterborne diseases

Answer 3

Increase in birth rate-After 1800, there were more factories and some parents had children so they could be employed and earn money for the family Decrease in death rate- Children could care for grandparents and potentially increase their pensions, as there is more working class, and the elderly can spend the money on medicine

Answer 4

Increase in birth rate- In the 1700s, there was a craze for cheap gin. Many alcoholics died and it damaged unborn babies. In 1751, the government put a tax on gin, making it more expensive. Fewer people were able to afford it so babies were not dying from complications due to drinking Decrease in death rate- The risk of getting cancer and mental health problems decreased with no treatments at the time

Answer 5

Increase in birth rate- Education improved and after 1870, better schools improved literacy so people could read booklets on health, diet, cleaning, children and care for the sick. Improved knowledge could be a reason for mother to have more children Decrease in death rate- Elders sensitive to diseases will have improved medicine, resulting in a longer life expectancy

Answer 6

Increase in birth rate- Farmers used new machines and methods to grow more food. This meant more people could be fed so parents could have more children Decrease in death rate- More people were able to eat fresh food. The extra protein and vitamins help people become healthier and able to fight disease better.

Answer 7

In 1796, Edward Jenner discovered how to vaccinate against smallpox (worst disease in Britain at the time). Gradually more and more people were treated until in 1853, vaccinations were made compulsory for everyone, so smallpox disappeared. The better healthcare stopped people dying

Answer 8

1. A clothier buys wool from a farmer 2. Clothier takes wool to villagers who turn it to cloth 3. Family could work whatever hours they what was long as they meet the deadline 4. Clothier returns to collect cloth and pays the family for what they made and gives next week’s order 5. Clothier takes cloth to be dyed then sold The clothier made lots of money from this and families used cloth making machines

Answer 9

In 1733, the Flying Shuttle was invented by John Kay and it enabled weavers to make cloths quicker and wider strips. In 1764, the Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves and it allowed more threads to be made by few spinners.

Answer 10

Individuals set up factories

Answer 11

Britain was able to power machines and make iron to use in many industries

Answer 12

The economy and population were not disturbed by fighting, like wasting money on weapons and having thousands die.

Answer 13

Britain could grow cotton and sugar cheaply, and crucially use the cotton in the textile business

Answer 14

It would be easier to feed factory workers and people would get diseases less from the vitamins and minerals in the healthy foods

Answer 15

Raw materials could be taken to factories and then manufactured goods to market

Answer 16

Britain could get cheap raw materials and had an international market for manufactured goods

Answer 17

Demand for jobs increased with more workers

Answer 18

Businesses could borrow money to invest into factories and businesses

Answer 19

1. Factory band railway tracks are built by builders 2. Employers move closer but into poor quality houses by builders 3. A factory needs a source 4. Some of the source’s employees will be children 5. Children need school so schools will be built 6. The population grows and people are religious 7. A church is built so people can worship 8. People need food so a shop is built 9. The shop’s source is a farm

Answer 20

In 1825, George Stephenson connected Liverpool and Manchester with a locomotive

Answer 21

The engine that provides the power for a train. It is at the back or front (sometimes both) of a train and it pushes/ pulls the train along the tracks

Answer 22

North of England

Answer 23

Town planning

Answer 24

Trade Unions would organise strikes and help with unfair treatment towards employees (eg. long hours and low wage)

Answer 25

10,000 miles

Answer 26

Farming is unreliable as you need good weather but factory work is guaranteed

Answer 27

Rat catching, leech catchers, toshers, chimney sweepers and resurrectioners

Answer 28

Rat catchers caught rats and people bought unique ones as pets, while pubs would use them in fighting pits as a form of entertainment and customers would gamble on the rat versus the other animal. It was common to catch diseases from the rats though.

Answer 29

Usually, poor women in the countryside would be employed to supply the leeches, collected in bogs and marshes. They were commonly bought by doctors to treat patients with anything from headaches to hysteria. A risk was to catch the leeches, the leeches would latch onto the catchers and suck their flesh. To remove them, you had to burn it off so it release the grip. It would be harmful to yank the leeches off because it would take the flesh with it.

Answer 30

Toshers sifted through raw sewage to find valuables that might have fallen down the drain. This was dangerous work, as pockets of gas could result in an explosion of suffocation and collapsing tunnels with swarms of rags were common.

Answer 31

Children as young as four were employed to climb up chimneys and clear away soot. They would get covered in calluses and continued exposure to smoke and dust resulted in lung diseases.

Answer 32

In the early 19th century, medical schools would pay well for fresh bodies in good condition. Many took this as an opportunity to

Answer 33

Match girls were girls that worked in factories to make matches then sell them. It was risky as white phosphorus was in the matches and cause phossy jaw, a form of bone cancer where the jaw decays, gums turn glowy green and it was very painful. Without treatment, which was often the case as most couldn’t afford it, the results good be fatal. This initiated the Match Girl strike of 1888, where they exposed the conditions they go through

Answer 34

For people who couldn’t get work, the last option would be to apply for poor relief, including outdoor relief, and they supplied the poor with food and clothes. In 1834, the New Poor Law removed outdoor relief, so workhouses were the last option.

Answer 35

- They believed taxes could be put forward for more productive projects - People didn’t want to have to use their money to support others - Politicians and civilians didn’t understand the struggle without it - They also thought the reasons the poor were in poverty was making poor decisions (eg. gambling), being lazy and there were too many in poverty

Answer 36

They thought they would “stop being lazy” and get a job, however jobs weren’t always available due to the huge population growth.

Answer 37

They offered shelter and minimal food but you had to work 12-14 hours a day, only leaving for special occasions. The common workers were unemployed men/ women, elderly/ unmarried mothers, orphaned/ abandoned children, and physically/ mentally sick people. Women, men and children were separated so families were split up and punished for communicating. If an able-bodied man was sent to a workhouse, his whole family had to join.

Answer 38

Eating bones

Answer 39

Workhouses weren’t designed for them but they made up almost half of the inmates by 1839. They could be sold to work in mines or factories and in 1826, 40% of Britain’s population were under 15.

Answer 40

They were auctioned

Answer 41

The White Slaves of England

Answer 42

Stable food and money

Answer 43

At 21, adults could work as an apprentice, where a person learns a trade from a skilled worker for a low wage

Answer 44

Orphans as they are more vulnerable

Answer 45

Last 2 hours as everyone is quite tired

Answer 46

Workers would be less likely to run away bare foot and metal made in the shoes may cause a spark or flammable shoe polish could cause a fire

Answer 47

They could be crushed in the machine because there were no breaks

Answer 48

They had an education, so they could grow up and get a job, and have enough food to survive, mostly

Answer 49

They were more vulnerable and less likely to rebel, had nimble fingers for textile and easier to train/ adapt

Answer 50

The workshop of the world

Answer 51

In 2011, James Watt and Matthew Boulton appeared on a £50 note with the steam engine he designed and factory in the background

Answer 52

In 1736, he was born in Greenock, Scotland and in 1756, he was accepted into the university of Glasgow and worked as an instrument maker. In 1764, Watt repaired an old steam engine and improved it so it was faster, more reliable and used less coal. In 1781, he designed a steam engine that could turn a wheel so steam power could now be used to drive machinery. By 1800, him and his partner, Matthew Boulton, owned a factory in Birmingham and were very successful. The unit to measure strength if power is named after him.

Answer 53

In 1736, he was born in Wylam, Northumberland and at 14 he worked at a local coal mine with his father. In 1814, he designed the first steam locomotive, the Blücher. In 1815, he invented a safety lamp for miners so they could safely work in areas where methane gas has been collected. In 1821, he was given the opportunity of designing the Stockton and Darlington Railway and it opened in 1825. He was on the British £5 note from 1993 to 2003

Answer 54

In 1791, he was born in Newington and then worked in a bookshop, becoming fascinated by science, especially electricity and magnetism. In 1831, he discovered how to generate electricity and his generator worked on a basic principle that electric power station still use today. His most well known creations are the Faraday cage, the basis of MRI machines, benzene and Fridays effect /law.

Answer 55

In 1815, she was born in London and studied maths and science from age 4. At age 17, she met an inventor/ mathematician (Charles Babbage) who designed a large mathematical calculating machine. She figured how the machine could be programmed with a code to calculate numbers. Some consider Lovelace’s plans for a machine to carry out an instruction to be the worlds first ever computer program.

Answer 56

In 1806, he was born in Portsmouth and in 1829, he designed the Clifton suspension bridge in Bristol in 833. He designed and built the Great Western Railway and two grand stations: Paddington(London) and Temple Meads (Bristol). Brunel also designed three huge record-breaking iron ships: the Great Western (1837), Great Britain (1843) and great Eastern (1858). Great Eastern was the largest shop built at the time and laid the first underwater communication cables between America and Britain.

Answer 57

In 1813 he was born in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. He designed a machine for putting on postage stamps and a new method of producing glass. He invented a converter which was a machine for turning iron into steel, which is stronger and more durable than iron. Soon many pots, pans, railway lines and machines that have been made from iron, were made from steel instead. In 1850, he produced 60,000 tons of steel and by 1880, 25 million tons were produced each year. In America ,where his ideas were copied, at least eight cities and towns were named after him.

Answer 58

In 1847, he was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and worked all his life on making electrical hearing aids for deaf people as his wife was deaf. The idea for a telephone was a machine that converts speech into an electrical signal, that travels down a wire, and is then turned back into sound. He invented the telephone in 1876 but lots of people were trying to invent telephones at this time too so Bell was accused of copying the designs of other inventors.

Answer 59

They were begging to join the workhouse because the conditions outside are worse with no outdoor relief, but the workhouse workers got at least some food and shelter

Answer 60

Andover Union Workhouse because they got no food on Saturday, people drank beer go fight off germs because the water was so bad, and they did not offer any education

Answer 61

Slightly more food

Answer 62

Yes. Most workhouses provided some education so they could grow and get a job, instead of coming back to the workhouse.

Answer 63

So it prevented them from “breeding” (dehumanisation) and it was a popular term used by the middle class who thought the lower class just produced children to claim more money. They also thought keeping children away from parents would turn them into useful humans who made good decisions, insinuating their parents didn’t otherwise the child would t have been born into the bad conditions

Answer 64

If the food was enough and healthy, the workers would be more productive and if the conditions continue to be poor, the workers will spread the disease and cause less work and more cost to help them heal. Better condition is would also lead to less rebellions.

Answer 65

Smallpox, cholera, typhus and tuberculosis

Answer 66

The Great Stink

Answer 67

In the 19th century, human and industrial waste was poured into streams, including the River Thames (main water source in London). People thought disease came from miasma (bad smells transmit diseases). In the summer of 1858, the heat made the smell of the river more pronounced so much so that Houses of Parliament soaked their curtains in chlorine. After this, the parliament updated the sewage systems, only to prevent the bad smell, not the diseases and deaths.

Answer 68

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 69

Cholera epidemic and the Great Stink

Answer 70

In 1854, John Snow thought scientifically to disprove the miasma theory so he mapped out the cases of death, using bars, and it was visibly seen that the bars were more dense around the Broad Street water pump, where the victims drank from. He tested his theory by breaking the pump and the deaths significantly decreased so he had evidence to prove cholera was caused by water not miasma, however he didn’t know why

Answer 71

It was caused by poor water sanitation and started in 1831 until 1866. The worst outbreak was during 1848-9 where 50,000+ died. It caused vomiting, diarrhoea and death

Answer 72

Turnpike Trust was a group that improved roads and charged tolls to use them. The money paid at toll gates helped keep roads in good condition before trains became common. It started in the 1700s and ended early 1800s when railways were gaining popularity