STS Historical Development Flashcards by Franchez Cassandra Escander

derived from the Latin word “scienta” meaning knowledge

Science

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latin word of science

scienta

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scienta means

knowledge

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 any systematic knowledge or practice
 system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method
 a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation

science

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the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation

scientific method

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– basic process on how information is gathered in Science through the use of our physical senses

observation

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logical and plausible explanation of certain facts or observations and provides a basis for experimentation

hypothesis

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systematic tests that are carried out to test the hypothesis

experiments

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well-established hypothesis, it is an explanation of the general principles of certain phenomena with considerable evidence or facts to support it

theory

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 also known as a model, as it provides explanation to a natural phenomenon

theory

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statement of natural phenomena to which no exception are known under given conditions

law

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 not an explanation but it is an absolute truth and is usually stated in a mathematical expression

law

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the human attempt to understand the natural world, with or without concern for practical uses of that knowledge

science

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example of natural world

volcanoes
gravity
atoms
plants
metals

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tries to discover facts and relationships and then tries to create theories that make sense of these facts and relationships

science

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– is a way of learning about the natural world

science

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 includes all the knowledge gained from exploring the natural world

science

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four main fields/branches of science

 natural/pure sciences
 formal sciences
 social sciences
 applied sciences

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seek to study or physical world mainly through rigid experimentation where controlled variables are set-up to determine measurable results

natural/pure science

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 and is subdivided into: physical science, earth science, life science

natural/pure science

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 also known as hard sciences due a high degree of control, objectivity, accuracy, and reproducibility of results in involved in the course of the study

natural science

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study of non-living components of our natural world (matter and energy)

physical science

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study of matter and energy and their interactions

physics

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study of motion

mechanics

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study of heat and related forms of energy

thermodynamics

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study of light

optics

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study of the relationship between electrical and magnetic forces

electromagnetism

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study of the structure, composition, properties, and changes that matter undergoes

chemistry

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study of carbon containing compounds

organic chemistry

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study of elements and compound other than organic in nature

inorganic chemistry

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study of the chemistry of living organisms

biochemistry

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study of quantitative and qualitative information of matter

analytical chemistry

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study of how matter behaves on atomic molecular level and the process by which chemical reactions occur

physical chemistry

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study of physical components of the earth

earth science

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 has three branches: hydrology, geology, meteorology

physical science

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science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of the waters of the earth and their relationship with the environment within each phase of the hydrological cycle

hydrology

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study of the Earth, the materials of which it made, the structure of these materials, and process acting upon them

geology

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a science that deals with the atmosphere and it’s phenomena especially with weather and weather forecasting

meteorology

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– study of celestial objects (like stars, planets, galaxies, and comets) in the universe

space science or astronomy

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study of the living components of our natural world, being Biology as its centerpiece

life science

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deals with the study of the origin, structure, function, growth, metabolism, distribution, and classification of all living organisms

biology

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three major divisions of biology:

zoology
botany
microbiology

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study of all animals

zoology

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study of all plants

botany

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study of minute organisms that are very small and cannot be seen by the naked human eye (called microbes)

microbiology

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 examples include: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, microalgae

microorganisms

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study of how hereditary characteristics (traits) in an individual are transmitted from generation to generation

genetics

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study of the parts and functions of living organisms

physiology

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study of classification of living organisms

taxonomy

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study of the biological function at a molecular level

molecular biology

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consist of disciplines that deal with formal theoretical systems

formal science

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 concepts being studied are pure abstract in nature and do not have physical manifestations
 concern of this is the interference of theorems from axioms that are based on the set of rules

formal science

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 include the following: mathematics, statistics, logic, theoretical computer science, information theory

formal science

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it is said to be the language of Science because quantitative scientific concepts are expressed in mathematical form

mathematics

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 science of numbers and their operations interrelations, combinations, and generalization

mathematics

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specific branch of Mathematics that deals with collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of voluminous numerical data

statistics

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– used in making sense of masses of quantitative data, judging the significance of experimental results and validity of hypothesis

statistical analysis

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deals with the principles and criteria of validity and inference and demonstration

logic

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interdisciplinary field of study between Mathematics and Computer Science geared toward understanding the nature of computations in order to come up with more effective and efficient ways of computing

theoretical computer science

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branch of Mathematics that overlaps with many various fields of applied sciences and even social sciences whose aim is to discover and explore mathematical laws that govern data behavior as it encoded, stored, transmitted, or retrieved.

information theory

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study of human beings and human society including the various social institution within our society

social science

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 Known as soft sciences, because they deal with the study of human behaviors, feelings, thoughts, actions, and interactions where it is often challenging to control all variables that may influence the results of the study

social science

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Branches of social science include:

o Psychology
o Sociology
o History
o Anthropology
o Geography
o Economics
o Philosophy
o Political science

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include medicine and engineering

applied science

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allied health sciences (nursing, medical technology, pharmacy, physical therapy, radiologic technology)

medicine

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civil, mechanical, chemical, electrical, electronics

engineering

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– application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes especially in the industry

technology

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o Machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge

technology

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o Science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools

technology

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o Use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes or applications

technology

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o Systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks

technology

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human attempt to change the world, by creating products that can help people

technology

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o A human activity involved with the making and using of material artifacts
o As a human activity, technology is on some level as art, politics, economics and the like
o Involves tools, techniques, and procedures for putting the findings of science to practical use

technology

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greek word for technology

techne
logia

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means art, skill, craft

techne

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means study, discourse

logia

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process of gathering and storing data to be used in various forms

information technology

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process of giving or exchanging information

communication technology

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transforms living things into products or new forms of life

biotechnology

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produces plants and animals for food, fiber, and fuel

agricultural technology

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creates tools to treat disease and injury

medical technology

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creates tools to minimize the effect of technology on the development of living things

environmental technology

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manufacturing of physical goods on an assembly line and the construction of structures on a job site

production technology

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manufacturing of physical goods on an assembly line and the construction of structures on a job site

manufacturing technology

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builds structures that support loads and protect us from the environment

construction technology

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develops materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties

materials technology

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provides a way for people, animals, products, and materials to be moved from one location to another

transportation technology

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develops more efficient ways to use renewable and nonrenewable energy sources

energy and power technology

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manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular level

nanotechnology

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According to whom, technology cannot be limited to application of pure science alone, and can be divided into:
o Material
o Conceptual
o Social
o General

Mario Bunge

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covers the areas of physical, chemical, biological, and biochemical technology

material

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physical material include (3)

civil
electrical
electronic

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is responsible for the solution to problems, invention and maintenance of structural works, infrastructure and architectures

civil engineering

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 Its focus is on the creation of tools and construction methods for the facilitation and improvement of houses and buildings

civil engineering

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is responsible for solving problems, invention and maintenance of electrical works. Mainly, it is to stimulate the technological growth with respect to electrical plants and all available resources that improve the saving and consumption of energy.

electrical engineering

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is responsible for ensuring the evolution of electronic resources that improve the aspects of telecommunications, sending and receiving data and the like, in order to develop new technologies

electronics engineering

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include inorganic and organic

chemical

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it is the science that studies the chemical elements that do not have atoms of carbon and hydrogen.

inorganic

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 It is possible to create glass, windows, televisions, screens, ceramics, household utensils, industrial utensils and even the fiber optic cable that is nowadays used to establish the fastest internet connections.

what kind of chemical technology

inorganic

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studies those carbon compounds that can be useful in technological applications that promote social and evolution

organic

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 Through ____ chemistry you can create tools based on graphite or diamond, such as pencil or scalpel; Both very useful tools.

organic

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 also focuses on the creation of alcohols, which are indispensable disinfectants in the health sector

what kind of chemisty

organic

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includes pharmacology, bromatology

what kind of technology

biological

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is the science that studies the interaction of drugs with humans. In this way, it helps to prevent and fight diseases within the nuclei of society

pharmacology

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the science that studies food, its manufacture, distribution, consumption and conservation

bromatology

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 is responsible for qualitatively analyzing food and offering courses of action to improve nutrition, prevent intoxication and determine quality control

bromatology

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includes agronomy, medicine, and bioengineering

what kind of technology

biochemical

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evaluates the processes of growing and harvesting fruits vegetables and vegetables, improves processing and converts agricultural products into food

agronomy

it is the science of establishing a diagnosis, trying to cure someone who is sick and avoiding death, it is the science of establishing a diagnosis, trying to cure someone who is sick and avoiding death,

medicine

it is the branch that seeks to design and create useful tools to combat human health problems

bioengineering

technology that includes computing

conceptual

is the automation of the processes of sending and receiving information. It is derived from the words information and automatic that refer to the set of information technologies through which a device can store information and share it without intervention or with the intervention of a human being.

computer science

includes psychology, physosociology,, sociology, economigs, and military arts

social

it is the science that studies mental disorders, how to prevent them, how to face them and offers rehabilitation to people with problems of autonomy and adaptation.

psychiatry

it is the science that acts on learning, especially in children, to form adults with education and training, not academic, but moral values and principles that allow the development of humanity

pedagogy

it is the science that stimulates the use and creation of tools to help the worker to be more efficient

industrial psychology

refers to the study of the market and the factors implicit in it. Helps develop skills as a buyer and seller

commercial psychology

science that studies the behavior of a society, it is the analysis of cultural trends that promote the establishment of behaviors within a specific environment

sociology

social science in charge of the study of politics and its interaction with society

politology

promote business management, marketing, accounting, marketing and entrepreneurship, giving the human being a financial development

administration sciences

it is the science that teaches to avoid conflicts with diplomacy or to face in an armed conflict with strategies that allow to obtain the victory

military science

s a study methodology whereby irregularities, sets and generalities are observed differently than traditional science. The purpose of this is to create tools that empower other divisions of scholarship in investigative processes.

systems theory

Interconnections between science and technology:

o Science explores for the purpose of knowing while technology explores for the purpose of something useful from that knowledge
o Science drives technology by making new technology possible through scientific breakthroughs
o Without technology, some science experiments would not be possible
o Without science, technology would not proceed

group of people involved in persistent social interaction or large social groups sharing the same geographical or social territory typically subject to political authority and dominant cultural expectations

society

o Benefits from science and technology
o User of technology

society

– account of mankind’s curiosity, need to survive and resilience to change

history of science and technology

prehistory include

paleolithic
neolithic

history include

ancient age
medieval age
modern age
contemporary age

where the earliest roots of “science” were founded

egypt and mesopotamia

civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia are important for the foundation of the scientific traditions of these people

greek and romans

scientific areas include astronomy, medicine, and mathematics

greek and romans

became an inspiration for the original alphabet that was most like alphabets including the Latin alphabet

hieroglyphs

Egyptians tried to reconcile these cycles, also establishing 365-day year and 24 hours a day

solar and lunar cycles

become interested in celestial phenomena because of their apparent regularity and their celestial motion

egyptian astrologers

identify the planets with their gods, and was later adapted and developed in Greek astrology

babylonians

o Also created non-mathematical diaries, almanacs, and numerical planetary tables
o Extensively studied lunar eclipses due to their fascination with the moon

babylonians

tablet that lists down the eclipses between 518 and 465, mentioning the death of King Xerxes

babylonian tablet

– believed that diseases were mainly due to an invasion of body by evil spirits

egyptians

has a touch of astrology, and the use of pharmacological remedies was widespread but its effectiveness was believed to be dependent on ritual conditions

babylonian medicine

Egyptian medical document containing remedies for several diseases and wounds including tumors, headaches, burns, abscess, and bad breath

ebers papyrus

tools of Babylonians that include bronze lancelets, metal tubes used to blow remedies into bodily holes (orifices)

surgical instruments

excelled in geometry and had developed a number system that was decimal in character, employing different symbols for each power of 10

egyptians

Babylonians developed this system in mathematics

sexagesimal (base 60)

o Did not study genuine algebra but arithmetic operations were used to solve problems for which we today can solve using quadratic equationsA

sexagesimal

covers a wide array of practices and theories that do not resemble modern science

greek science

earliest Greek philosophers and cosmologists (3)

Thales
Anaximander
Anaximenes

trio of greek philosophers and cosmologist that relied on reasoning to explain nature, rather than observation, their arguments variably weak and cannot be proven

Thaleas
Anaximander
Anaximenes

Greek developed conceptual models during this era

Pre-Socratic Area

o Characterized by mixed metaphysical and physical speculations

Pre-Socratic Area

basic assumption is that the universe is geocentric and geostatic and the cosmos are these

Finite

search for general, eternal principles

Metaphysics

logical, causal explanation of phenomena

Physical

highlighted by their form of governance where there is rapid development in science and technology that time

Golden Age of Athens

Romans are known for this, hence the beginning of senate and congress in a democratic form of government

Forums

most influential philosopher, a lover of wisdom and laid the groundwork for western philosophy

Socrates

o Known for a process of gradual questioning, coined as the “socratic method”, it may now be known as deductive questioning

Socrates

accepted reality as it appeared, accepted the idea of change

Aristotle

o Emphasized natural philosophy based on observation and systemic logic
o He was Socrates’ pupil, continued deductive questioning and introduced the scientific method
o Disproved the idea that the earth is flat
o Founded the Lyceum, hence the early beginnings of formal school

Aristotle

Greek-Roman astronomer, mathematician, geographer, astrologer, and poet

Ptolemy

o Created a geocentric model

Ptolemy

– early part of this was characterized by fall of the Roman empire, invasions, and mass migrations, thus a decline in population and counter urbanization

middle age

o This era was sometimes called as the “Dark Age of Science” because scientific and philosophical thoughts collapsed

middle age

o However, there are still philosophers who became beacons of light during the Dark Age of Science

middle age

began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish

high middle age

marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe

late middle age

ended massive scientific change in Europe, and it was estimated that one third of European population died during the first wave of this plague

black death

was a mathematician who could read Greek and used Ptolemy’s data to plot the orbits of the planets

Nicolas Copernicus

o Wrote the De revolutionibus orbium (1543) coelestium and claimed “In the center of it all rests the Sun” which overthrew the hierarchy of the ancient and medieval cosmos

Nicolas Copernicus

father of Scientific revolution, wrote Novum organon (1620) to describe Baconian method of science

Francis Bacon

o Developed the scientific method using induction of data from experiments. He put emphasis on practical and useful knowledge, thus he encouraged the discovery of laws of science rather than using logic based deductive arguments.

Francis Bacon

during his time is the “game changer” of Astronomy

Galileo Galilei

o invented the telescope, saw sunspots, phases of Venus, Lunar craters, Moons of Jupiter, and saw that Milky Way is made of stars

Galileo Galilei

o wrote the Dialogo (1632) in Italian for the public, compared the Ptolemaic system unfavorably over the Copernican Model
o studied the math of motion, pendulum, falling objects, and projectiles

Galileo Galilei

is a French Mathematician and Philosopher, father of modern western philosophy

Rene Descartes

o He abandoned scholastic Aristotelianism and became the first modern version of mind-body dualism.
o He promoted science grounded in observation and experiment, created Cartesian view of the Universe – a mechanistic view of nature, and coined term “molecule

Rene Descartes

wrote the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathe-matica in 1667

Isaac Newton

o studied terrestrial and celestial mechanics using Euclidean theorems and his calculus. His work in dynamics, alchemy and theology are well-known.

Isaac Newton

o Formulated the Theory of Light, Theory of Motion, and Theory of Gravity

Isaac Newton

brought decisive steps towards modern science, which accelerated during the 18th century

17th century

brought decisive steps towards modern science, which accelerated during the 18th century

Charles Darwin

o Best known for its contributions to the science of evolution
o Wrote the Theory of the Origin of Species
o Proposed that all species have evolved over time from a simple single organism
o Also introduced the theory of natural selection, whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Charles Darwin

in an American astronomer who discovered other galaxies profoundly changing the way we look at the universe

Edwin Hubble

o Proposed Hubble’s law and explained that universe was expanding and that galaxies move away from the Milky Way, at a speed directly proportionate to the distance from it

Edwin Hubble

o Most influential astronomers since the times of Galileo, Kepler, and Newton

Edwin Hubble

is a German theoretical physicist

Albert Einstein

o Developed the theory of relativity whereby proposing the famous equation in the conversion of mass to energy

Albert Einstein

English theoretical physicist and cosmologist

Stephen Hawking

o Author and director of research at the center for theoretical cosmology within university of Cambridge
o Known for his written works about black hole, the big bang theory, and artificial intelligence

Stephen Hawking

is a movement about enlightenment, and it was initiated during the 17th century where people are more driven by the new discoveries in science and technology and cultural relativism resulting from the explorations.

Intellectual Revolution

caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected the Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (the sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.

Copernican revolution

has brought a great impact on how people approach biology forever. This revolution provided a different than the “theory of creation”. The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book “the origin of species” that emphasizes that humans are the result of evolution

Darwinian revolution

has changed Psychology and Psychiatry with the “Freudian Theory of Personality”. It states that human development contributes to his/her personality. His “psychoanalysis” is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage

Freudian Revolution

has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the computer age that has brought so much change to how we are living today.

information revolution

has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot about architecture that leads us to study more of it.

mesorevolution

itself taught us about freedom and independent nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally.

asian revolution

were a product of the development and growth of individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region

middle east revolution

the fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.

african revolution

common term for describing the wide-scale dispersal of the new automation, mechanics, or applied science

wave of technology

– hard to predict yet often leave an indelible impact on a particular aspect of culture, industry, and medicine

technological waves

before agriculture, mankind obtained food for survival through hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering

pre-agriculture

before agriculture, mankind obtained food for survival through hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering

agricultural revolution

o Instead of following herds’ migration patterns, mankind domesticated animals for their purpose. Man discovered irrigation techniques, selective breeding, and proved that agriculture is more productive than hunting.
o The new knowledge, techniques, and practices of agriculture provided them with larger and steadier supplies of food. An increase in agricultural production means wealth to the landlords. Wealth became synonymous with power, hence the feudal system of the society.

agricultural revolution

started when mankind started using machines to do their work. From hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing, and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and waterpower, the development of machine tools, and the rise of the mechanized factory system.

industrial revolution

happened when man started to mass-produce using machines,

what wave of industrial revolution

first sure

men invented the steam engine whereby hasten the mass-production, improved the mode of transportation of people and farm-produce

what surge of industrial revolution

second surge

electricity was discovered that dramatically “light up” the world

what surge of industrial revolution

third surge

also known as the computer age, primarily began when the Computer was invented. It can also be divided into surges

age of information

development of computers which can store digital information whereby saving time and office space

what surge of age of information

first surge

invention of transistors changes the way mankind gets information

what surge of age of information

second surge

development of the internet where access to information become quicker and easier

what surge of age of information

third surge

change with the computerization of production line

travel and manufacturing

improved production and knowledge sharing

telecommunication

Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist who was known for his discovery of penicillin

T/F

True

Eight-hour work days, improved safety measures, and the outlawing of child labor were all accomplishments fought for by?

Labor Unions

A European, Roger Bacon was credited with the invention of gunpowder, a mixture of potassium or sodium nitrate, sulfur and charcoal, however, it is now known that the Chinese developed and used gunpowder at a much earlier date than the Europeans

T/F

true

What have the French ever done for us? Choose which of these was not invented by a Frenchman

Badminton

During industrialization, a problem for poor working class was that the drinking water is ___?

contaminated

The abacus was invented in China

T/F

False

During the industrial revolution cities grew by the millions due to:

promise of available employment

What have the Romans ever done for us? Choose which of these was not invented by the Romans

sunblock

Which sector of society benefited most from the industrial revolution?

middle class

The invention of paper was credited to Cai Lun, in China around 105 A.D.

T/F

False

Which of the following was a factor which allowed for the development of mass production

the specialization of workers in a single step of manufacturing process

What was one effect of the mechanization of agriculture

fewer farmers were needed to grow food

What changed as a result of the industrial revolution

people moved from small farms to town and cities

Which of the following was not a result of the industrial revolution?

a decrease in child labor

Where did the industrial revolution begin?

England