STS Flashcards
is the movement
of goods and people from one
place to another. In ancient times,
people crafted simple boats out
of logs, walked, rode animals
and, later, devised wheeled
vehicles to move from place to
place
Transportation
Humans have been using different
methods to communicate from the
beginning.
1.Cave Paintings
2.Symbols for communication
3.Smoke signals
4.Carrier pigeons
Communication
Mass production began in the
ancient world when ____ and
____ were the pressing needs of
the day.
food security, warfare
In their hunger for power, humans have
always searched for the perfect
weaponry. The careful selection of
weapons at times proved to be the
crucial difference between winning a
battle or being slaughtered on the field.
Weapons and armors
The science of civil engineering truly
commenced between 4000 and 2000
BC in Egypt when transportation gained
such importance that it led to the
development of the wheel
Engineering and architecture
Structures built during the ancient times
-Sphinx
-Ziggurat of Ur
-City of Uruk
-Hanging gardens of babylon
-located on the southernmost tip
of ancient Mesopotamia
● known for their high degree of
cooperation with one another and
their desire for great things.
● not contented with the basic
things that life can offer. This
desire pushed them to develop
many things connected with
science and technology
Sumerian Civilization
It is the first writing system known
as ____
● It is system that utilizes word
pictures and triangular symbols
which are curved on clay
wedge instruments and then
left to dry
Cuneiform
Another important contribution
of the Sumerians is ____. It is a great wonder not
only because it is considered
to be the first true city of the
world but also for the way it
was erected. One of the major problem that
the Sumerians encountered
was the lack of materials.
There were no building stones
in the location of this city and
lumber was limited, making the
construction a big challenge.
The Sumerians were able to
build the city using only mud or
clay from the river, which they
mixed the reeds, producing
sunbaked bricks- a true
engineering feat.
the City of
Uruk
Another engineering and
architectural feat of the
Sumerians is____ . The ziggurat,
also called the mountain of
god, was built in the same
manner that they constructed
the City of Uruk
the Great
Ziggurat of Ur
As population increased,
so did the demand for
food. The Sumerians were
challenged to mass
produce food items but the
elements in the
environment seemed
uncooperative.
● The farmers in Sumer
created levees to hold
back the floods from their
fields and cut canals to
channel river water to the
fields. The use of levees
and canals is called
irrigation
Irrigation and Dikes
Another challenge to the Sumerians was
transportation. At that time, the wheel
was not yet invented; the main mode of
transportation was through waterways
such as rivers and seas. Boats were
used to carry large quantities of
products and were able to cover large
distances
Sailboats
In the latter part of their history, the
Sumerians were able to invent the
_____ since the specialized tools
needed to create it were already
available. were not
made for transportation but for farm
work and food processes. With the use
of the ____ and axle, mass production
was made easier. Farmers were able to
mill grains with less effort in less time
Wheel
Humans evolved from being food
gatherers to farm cultivators. However,
farmers needed a technology which
would enable them to dig the ground
where the seeds would be planted. The
___ was invented to dig the earth in a
faster pace.
Plow
In order to facilitate faster and easier
travel, the Sumerians developed the first ___
Road
emerged near the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The
____ were great builders,
engineers, and architects. One of their
major contribution is the hanging
gardens of Babylon, one of the seven
wonders of the ancient world.
Babylonian Civilization
It was
said to be a structure made up of layers
upon layers of gardens that contained
several species of plants,trees, and
vines. According to legends, the great
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II
built the gardens for his wife, Queen
Amytis.
Hanging Gardens
of Babylon
a collection of
282 rules, established standards for
commercial interactions and set fines
and punishments to meet the
requirements of justice. Code was carved onto a massive,
finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar)
that was looted by invaders and finally
rediscovered in 1901.
Code of Hammurabi
Another early civilization famous for its
legacy is the ___
located in North Africa. s have
contributed other practical things that
the world now considers as essentials. It
is thus safe to say that the pyramids are
not the only contribution of the
____ to the modern
world.
Egyptian civilization
first to develop a system of writing, they
were able to make writing easier for the
world. Before the Egyptian innovation,
clay tablets were used. However,
safe-keeping and transporting them
were a major problem. Clay tablets were
very fragile, heavy, and delicate to
handle. So, bringing them to places was
a major challenge
Paper of papyrus
Engraving ceased
to be used in writing. As a result, the
Egyptians invented _____ by combining
soot with different chemicals to produce
____ of different colors. The __ must
withstand the elements of nature since it
was used to record history, culture, and
codified laws. It must also be
tamper-proof so that people could not
simply tinker with those written down by
authorities
inks
the Egyptians also
developed a system of writing using symbols, known as _____. This
form of writing can still be seen today
and remains to be a famous as the
pyramids where they were found.
Hieroglyphics was the language that
tells the modern world of the history and
culture of the ancient Egyptians.
Hieroglyphics
In the modern times are used
to improve and highlight the facial
features of a person, but, their function
in ancient Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic reasons
Cosmetics
worn around the eyes to prevent and even
cure eye diseases, was created by
mixing soot or malachite with mineral
galena
Kohl
were used to protect the
shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians
from the harmful rays of the sun.
Wearing a ___ was better than putting
on a scarf or any other head cover since
___ allowed heat to escape.
Wig
This device utilizes gravity that affects
the flow of water from one vessel to the
other. The amount of water (or its
height, depending on the method
used) remaining in the device
determines how much time has elapsed
since its full
WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA
is an archipelago in the
southeastern part of the Europe. Known
as the birthplace of western philosophy,
some of the major achievements of the
___ include in-depth works on
philosophy and mathematics
Greek civilization
One of the most utilized gadgets today
that was invented by the ancient Greeks
is the___. the
purpose was just the same- to tell an
individual when to stop or when to start.
The ancient Greek’s ____ used
large complicated mechanisms to time
the alarm. They made use of water that
dropped into drums which sounded the
alarm.
Alarm clock
were also considered as one
of the most important contributions of
the Greek civilization to the world. They
were commonly used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains which
was a necessary form of food
processing during that time.
Water Mill
was perceived to be
the strongest political and social entity in
the west. It was considered to be the
cradle of politics and governance during
that period. Because the _____
was so large, other civilizations looked
up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws. Aside from
their contributions in politics
Roman Civilization
known as
gazettes, contained announcements of
the Roman Empire to the people. Made
before the invention of paper, these
gazettes were engraved in metal or
stone tablets and then publicly
displayed.
Newspaper
is a watercourse
constructed to carry water from a source
to a distribution point far away. In
modern engineering, the term
___ is used for any system of
pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and
other structures used for this purpose.
Aqueduct
originated in ancient
Rome, but survived for some uses after
the end of the Roman Empire.
The numbers in the system are
represented by combinations of letters
from the Latin alphabet.
Roman Numerals
is considered
to be the oldest civilization in
Asia, if not the world.
● Also known as the “Middle
Kingdom”
● It is famous among other ancient
civilizations because of its silk
trade
Chinese civilization
Composed of 4 Major Dynasties:
Shang,
Zhou, Qin and Han
was the first
Chinese dynasty. It was founded
by the legendary Yu the Great (c.
2123-2025 BC), known for
developing a flood control
technique that stopped the Great
Flood that ravaged farmer’s crops
for generations. There is a severe lack of
documented evidence about this
dynasty and therefore very little is
known about the Xia period
Xia dynasty ( not a major dynasty )
is the earliest
recorded Chinese dynasty supported by archaeological
evidence. 31 kings ruled much of
the area along the Yellow River.
● Under the ____, there
were advances in maths,
astronomy, art and military
technology. They used a highly
developed calendar system and
an early form of modern Chinese
language.
Shang dynasty
was the
longest dynasty in the history of
China, ruling the region for
almost 8 centuries. culture
flourished and civilisation spread.
Writing was codified, coinage was
developed and chopsticks came
into use
Zhou dynasty
The Zhous also developed the
______ – a concept
that was used to justify the rule of
kings, who had been blessed by
the gods.
Mandate of Heaven
marked the
beginning of the Chinese Empire.
During Qin Shi Huangdi’s reign,
China was greatly expanded to
cover the Ye lands of Hunan and
Guangdong. , the period
saw ambitious public works
projects including the unification
of state walls into a single Great
Wall. It saw the development of a
standardized form of currency, a
uniform system of writing and a
legal code.
Qin Dynasty
for himself, guarded by the
life-sized ___ of more
than 8,000 life-sized soldiers, 130
chariots with 520 horses and 150
cavalry horses.
Terracotta Army
was known as a
golden age in Chinese history,
with a prolonged period of
stability and prosperity. A central
imperial civil service was
established to create a strong
and organized government
Han dynasty
was opened up to
connect to the west, bringing in
trade, foreign cultures and the
introduction of Buddhism
Silk road
____ was taken as the
name of the Chinese people.
Today, the Han Chinese make up
the dominant ethnic group in
China and the largest in the
world
Han
to the world is silk. Although
silk is naturally produced by silk worms,
the Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to harvest silk
and process it to produce paper and
clothing
Silk
was developed when an
unknown Chinese inventor created a
machine that was able to shed tea
leaves into strip. This machine was done using wheel-based mechanism
with sharp edges attached to a wooden
ceramic pot.
Tea production
Is one of
the most notorious structures in
the entire world. The Jinshanling
section in Hebei Province, China,
pictured here, is only a small part
of the wall that stretches over
4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles)
Great Wall of China
Chinese leaders
instituted wall- building projects to
protect the land from northern,
nomadic invaders. One surviving
section of such an ancient wall, in
the Shandong province, is made
of hard-packed soil called _____
and is estimated
to be _____
“rammed earth”, 2,500 years old.
in China
spent centuries trying to discover
an elixir of life that would render
the user immortal. One important
ingredient in many of the failed
elixirs was saltpeter, also known
as potassium nitrate. around
850 A.D., an enterprising
alchemist (whose name has been
lost to history) mixed 75 parts
saltpeter with 15 parts charcoal
and 10 parts sulfur. T
Gunpowder
The start of the middle ages was
marred by massive invasions and
migrations. Wars were prevalent
during this time. As such, great
technology was needed in the
fields of weaponry, navigation,
mass food and farm production,
and health.
● Trade and commerce among
nations increased, which resulted
in greater demands for
transportation technology. Some
of the most innovative minds
came from this period.
Medieval / Middle Ages
After Chinese developed woodblock
printing, _____ was able to
invent the ____, a more reliable
way of printing using a cast type. He
utilized wooden machine that extracted
juices from fruits, attached to them a
metal impression of letters and pressed
firmly the cast metal into a piece of
paper, which then made an exact
impression on paper.
Johann Gutenberg, printing press
was marred
by massive invasions and migrations.
Wars were prevalent during this time. As
such, great technology was needed in
the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass
food and farm production, and health.
Medieval Ages / Middle Ages
____ and ____ among nations increased which resulted
in greater demands for transportation
technology
Trade and Commerce
To develop the proper medicines for
illnesses, expert must understand the
sickness through an investigation. Thus,
they needed the device that could
magnify things invisible to the eye.
Guided by the principles used for the
invention of eyeglasses in earlier years,
_____ was able to develop
the ____
Zacharias Janssen, First compound microscope.
an
optical instrument that helps in the
observation of emote objects, was a
great help for navigators during this
time. Together with the ____, the
invention of the compass, oars, and
rudders made sea travelling easier and
safer.
Telescope
were widespread
during the Middle Ages, great
development in the weaponry
technology also occurred. All sides must
develop weaponries not only as
offensive tools but also defensive
instruments. For open-area battles,
people developed cross bows and long
bows so that they could attack the
enemies at long ranges, keeping
themselves safe with the protection of
walls and fortresses.
War weapons
a great
pioneer in arts, engineering, architecture
and science, stressed the importance of
experiment. He produced a vast series
of notebooks with observations of
anatomy, cloud formations, plans for
sites, military inventions, tanks, flying
machines and submarines.
Leonardo Da Vinci
____ rediscovered what some of
the ancient Greeks had known that
the sun was at the center of the solar
system and that the earth revolves
around it
Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus discovery aided ___, the
navigator to travel around South Africa,
Portugal, to reach India. It was around the same time
____ discovered the America.
Prince Henry, COLUMBUS
The booming world population during
the nineteenth century onwards
demanded that more goods be
produced at a faster rate. People
needed efficient means of transportation
to trade more goods and cover a larger
distance. Machines that required
animals to operate must thus be
upgraded
Modern Ages
____ a French biologist,
microbiologist, and chemist, found a
way to solve the problem. He invented
_____ , the process of heating
dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria
that allow them to spoil faster
Louis Pasteur, Pasteurization
was able to invent
kerosene by refining petroleum
Samuel M. Kier
was later on referred to as
“illuminating oil” because it was used at
first to provide lighting to homes.
Kerosene