STS Flashcards
They are only dependent on the resources available in nature. Their hunting tools were made from stones, wood, bone, ivory as evident in the Paleolithic age (specifically until Mesolithic period). The humans in this society are nomads, changing settlements from time to time, moving towards areas with abundant resources for their
hunter and gatherer society
The shift to this type of society became possible after they learned how to tame/domesticate animals and cultivate crops. The process of mining was also discovered by this society. Is this type of society still nomads with no permanentshifters and farmers society settlements? Definitely not. It is when they learned how to produce their own food that they started living in permanent settlements because there is no need for them to travel long distances in search for food
shifters and farmers society
Humans in this society discovered coal, gas, and oil used in cooking. These discoveries paved the way for industrialization. From small scale production, during this time factory-scale production became the norm for manufacturing businesses.
manufacturing/processing society
is how we will describe where we are now. It is where technologies are used for producing synthetic food and for recycling resources to satisfy the increasing human needs. In previous societies, they relied on what is available in nature andmade something useful out of it. But now, we are able to create synthetic materials that areresults of our scientific knowledge and creativity alone.
future man-made world
He classified societies based on the concept of waves where each wave propels the older societies and cultures aside. He is an American writer and futurist known for his works discussing the digital evolution, communication evolution, and technological singularity.
Alvin Toffler
The ___ is the one that replaced hunters/gatherers after agrarian revolution.
Basically, this society is composed of farmers. Likewise, small scale technologies were produced which came to existence through trial and error.
first wave society
The ____ is similar to the manufacturing/processing society previously discussed. This society flourished during the period of industrial revolution until the end of World War II. Likewise, scientific knowledge spread across the world for the first time during this time hence the inventions produced/manufactured in this period were based on scientific advancements in the fields of physics, biology, and chemistry. This society was characterized by mass production, mass consumption, mass distribution and even production of weapons of mass destruction.
second wave society
characterized as a post-industrialized society after World War II. People used modern technologies such as computers, robotics, and the like to create products and even do daily life activities. This society is associated with scientific-technological evolution.
the third wave society
Generally, an energy source that harms humans, whether directly or indirectly, is not considered a good source.
T OR F
T
As technology advances, our energy source options also increased. We can now generate energy from wind, from solar panels, hydrothermal vents, and even waste products of animals (this is what we call biogas). The goal of experts in this field is to generate, convert, and distribute energy without causing negative effects to humans and the environment.
Energy Technology
This include design and fabrication of different instruments, tools, gadgets, and machines that aim to create another product. It is more of tools for manufacturing such as laser, robots, spinning wheel, and different types of motors.
equipment technology
This type of technology includes tools and gadgets used to manage, process, and distribute information. I
information technology
This technology as its name implies is made for preservation, maintenance, treatment, and reproduction of living things. Common examples are genetic engineering, vaccines, antibiotic, organ transplant, surgery, and herbal medicine.
life technology
This technology is involved in extraction, fabrication, and synthesis of materials specifically for the benefit of mankind. Examples are mostly raw materials or those simple things needed in day to day activities such as iron brass, porcelain, ceramics, and plastics.
materials technology
is the process wherein technologies which may have been used for a very long time already are replaced by the new and better version especially with respect to performance and functionality. This occurs rapidly in this modern age of technology because if we are not satisfied, we tend to ask for more.
Substitution
it is the process by which an innovation is communicated through various channels and subsequently adopted over time among members of a society.
diffusion
The extent to which the culture is receptive to new things. In some countries, such as Britain and Saudi Arabia, tradition is greatly valued thus, new products often don’t fare too well. The United States, in contrast, tends to value progress.
Modernity
The more similar to each other that members of a culture are, the more likely an innovation is to spread-people are more likely to imitate similar than different models. The two most rapidly adopting countries in the World are the U.S. and Japan. While the U.S. interestingly scores very low, Japan scores high
Homophily:
The greater the distance between people, the less likely innovation is to spread.
Physical distance:
The more opinion leaders are valued and respected, the more likely an innovation is to spread. The style of opinion leaders moderates this influence, however. In less innovative countries, opinion leaders tend to be more conservative, i.e., to reflect the local norms of resistance
Opinion leadership:
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS (7)
- Percentage of Urban Population
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Per Capita Income
- Income Distribution
- Gross National Product (GNP)
- Employment Rate
- Structure of Labor Force
- Human Life Expectancy
Measures either the income or the expenditures within the country.
Gross Domestic Product
Average income earned by a person in particular place
Per Capita Income
It represents the money spent by consumers in buying goods, the income from business establishments as well as government investments. Simply put, it represents the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country in a year. This does not include remittances from OFWs since it was generated overseas.
GDP
It is one way of measuring the economic status and the quality of life in different areas.
Per Capita Income
Measures how the GDP of a country is distributed equally
Income Distribution
Sum of all the goods and services produced in a country per year by its people
Gross National Product
Simply put it is the distribution of rich and poor. Here in the country, there is somehow an imbalance in the distribution of wealth since only 1% of the population controls most of the wealth in the country.
Income Distribution
In can be represented through this formula: (Income of people + Income overseas) - income paid to foreigners.
Gross National Product
is the measure at which all the available labor resources are being utilized. It is computed as the ratio of the employed to the working age population (18 years old and above). We can say that if the rate is above 70%, it is high while a low ratio would be below 50%.
employment rate
is the sum total of all the men and women who are able to work, be employed or unemployed. The ratio of employment to the population is usually higher for men than in women. Why? Because according to a study conducted in the U.S., employers tend to hire men over women with the same qualifications, not because of gender discrimination alone, but employers think that men can deliver better results than women. I hope no one from this class thinks of it that way.
Structure of labor force
is the average number of years an individual or a group of people could be expected to live or simply people’s life span. In the Philippines, these are the numbers: For male - 66.2 years while for female - 72.6.
Human Life Expectancy
It is the percentage of people living in urbanized area not depending upon agricultural products and other government services.
percentage of urban population
a scientifically unsophisticated society would mean it is an underdeveloped nation in all sectors.
T OR F
T
it goes without saying that a
nation’s development and improvement is assessed to a large extent by the status of its science and technology.
T OE F
T
__ identified the highest “good” for human beings. While most people believed that the highest good is the acquisition of material wealth, pursuit of honor, or satisfaction of bodily pleasure. ___ argues that all of these goods are deficient as the highest good in some way.
Aristotle
READ
Aristotle gives us insight on the main component of the highest good. It must be something that is consistent with the maximization of our faculties (mental or physical power) as human beings. What separates human beings from non-human animals is our capacity for reason therefore it is what Aristotle considered as the highest good. A good life for a human being would focus to a significant extent on contemplation and learning or acquiring intellectual virtues
Acquisition of these intellectual virtues and virtue of character make up Aristotle’s highest good, which he identifies with the Greek word ___ which is often translated as the word happiness.
“Eudaimonia”
Living a ___ is living the Good Life according to Aristotle.
Eudaimonistic Life
Technology impacts different fields that contributes to the development of a successful life: (6)
Transportation, Industry, Security, Health, Agriculture, Education
We can all agree that modern technology has its advantages and they are as follows: 7
Improved communication, easy access to information and social networking. Improved housing, lifestyle, and environment Convenience in Education Convenience in Traveling Change in health industry Efficiency and productivity Creativity and innovation
Change in Health Industry
Anti-aging drugs
Robotic Nurse Assistant
Efficiency and Productivity
Increase Production
Reduce labor cost
Disadvantages
Physical-Social Isolation
Increased Loneliness
Reduced Intelligence
World Destruction
Job Loss and Human Displacement
Through this technology, the public and the media will now be able to see high-definition aerial views of anywhere on Earth to observe events real-time. This includes but is not limited to natural phenomena such as tsunamis, hurricanes, and drought. Governments will also be able to monitor activities such as the protests in different areas, illegal mining or deforestation. While the abovementioned functions can be beneficial, this technology can clearly violate the basic human right to privacy as no one can be exempted from being looked upon the lenses of these surveillance devices
REAL-TIME SURVEILLANCE IMAGERY
PROJECT IN MARS IS CALLED
Mars One
is created to suit human behavior and activities. It is beneficial in education and health but their capabilities to expose the private details of our lives could be a problem.
Wearable technology
__ is the act of breaking or hacking into a computer system for politically or socially motivated purposes. __ can also exploit their technological expertise to challenge the power of companies, states and religious groups whose existence is primarily offline. The medium of __ is often electronic penetration of a protected website or database and the extraction of information. It can be a matter of disabling the hardware or software of a target organization. Or it can take the form of defacing a website (Sorell, 2015).
Hacktivism
A risk in __ looks into the possibility of the pathogen accidentally escaping from a facility that could potentially trigger an outbreak and consequently, a pandemic.
biosafety
___ risk is the likelihood that a person would utilize the products or related information gained from the aforementioned type of research to carry out intentional damage through bioterrorism.
biosecurity
are group of robots capable of communicating with each other and perform simple tasks without human intervention. While this is convenient, like any other machines these robots may malfunction one way or another and may eventually cause harm and accidents.
Kilobots
Studies on ____ is an area of synthetic biology focused on creating custom life forms for specific purposes. ___ allows researchers to study the origins of life by creating it instead of breaking its components. Just like concerns with other biological advances, issues on safety and risk assessment must be dealt with upon releasing these life forms from the laboratory and into the environment. Creating these life forms is associated with playing god and may also be used as biological weapons.
artificial life forms
that detects neural signals from one brain and translates them to computer commands
brain-computer interface (BCI)
that delivers computer commands to another brain
computer-brain interface (CBI)
Historically, there were a lot of human characteristics that changed over time. Some happened naturally, and some were developed by human decisions. These changes happened because the
environment change, increased knowledge, culture adaptations.
played an important factor in human survival. The changes in the physical characteristics of humans were brought about by adaptation to the changing environment. Their flexibility helped them get around diverse habitats and cope with changing climates. Earliest humans climbed trees and walked on the ground to gather food and find shelter for survival.
walking upright
As humans need to survive, their various activities such as foraging, hunting, and fishing to provide a wide range of food supply led to the ________. They used stones, wood, bone, ivory, and metals, and learned to harness fire. The development of agriculture and adoption of permanent settlements have led to the utilization of bronze, which further developed metal smelting, use of copper and an alloy of tin. It definitely did not end there, because today, improvement of these materials and discovery of new materials have led to production of new inventions such as guns, and even electronic devices such as laptops.
advances in tool-making
The first animals to be domesticated were goats, sheep, and chicken (which among the mentioned benefits were from these animals?). Also, the switch from their lifestyles as hunters/gatherers to farmers marked the start of domesticating larger animals such as oxen and horses. These animals were also used for transportation.
Domestication of Animals
As humans spread to different environments, changes in their diet occurred. Consequently, these changes gave rise to changes in their ___ as well.
body structures
The early records show that nine million years ago, early humans had __________ (digestive tract). This type of structure allowed them to climb trees to get fruits as their source of food are mainly plant-based. As such, their guts are long since plant-based food are harder to digest.
short bodies with long arms and legs and also long guts
About three million years after that, with the changes in climate on Earth, some humans had been able to adapt to hot temperatures. Consequently, these humans evolved tall and narrow bodies that helped them to stay cool while long legs allowed them to travel long distances in search for food. These humans also had shorter digestive tracts. Why? Because compared to the human species before them, meat had also been available for them during this time therefore there is no need for a longer gut since meat is easier to digest.
Human Body
Common to these three generations of humans are their large skeletal structures. But the present humans, like us have bones that are sleeker and weaker. This started around ____ ago when human beings learned to settle to permanent locations and produce their own food. This less physically demanding lifestyle paved the way for these adaptations.
Human body
50,000 years
is the most complex organ in the body. The ___ of humans today is ___ times larger than the __ before. The more information the __ receives, the faster it processes, and the more adequately it will be able to respond. New challenges that humans faced as the environment changes led to a larger and more complex ___.
Brain
three
What do you think is the importance of belonging to a society or having association with others? (5)
a. Support for each other
b. Formation of social groups
c. Formation of culture
d. Regulation of policies and standards
e. Achieving a common goal
Before, people only communicate using ______.
language, symbols and sounds
To communicate they used _____ to record what’s going on in their daily lives. Some pieces of information were stored in stone paintings, on the walls of caves, and other canvasses. Now, we use printing press, sounds, language, computers to communicate.
pigments, paintings, and wood carvings
A ___ is defined as a species called Homo sapiens. They have the power of articulate speech, superior mental development, and are capable of upright stance. The modern __ being is an individual person responsible for the advancements in society today. The creativity of ___ brought all of the researches, innovations, inventions that we have right now. Therefore, a man is also a _________ being.
human being
thinking, creative
According to ___, a man is a rational animal we are the highest level of life form and we are the only one who can think and have the ability to reason out based on facts and not based emotions, feelings, or purely on instincts.
Aristotle
READ
Furthermore, humans are the only ones with spiritual beliefs; the spiritual soul that humans possess satisfies our different beliefs, religions, doctrines on the existence of God. On the other hand, our material body is part of the physical world and can be satisfied through our needs, and our wants; which brought out the existence of science and technology.
Another thought that ___ gave was that “…the way human beings do things is by making rational choices.” We are always told that the choice is ours, we are taught to always make good choices.
Aristotle
We make decisions based on _______ as a human being, we choose what benefits us. ______ is a model of human decision making. We tend to maximize gain while minimizing loss. We choose what satisfies us. This theory also explains the behavior of a society in choosing which field of science and technology to advance in order to achieve a specific goal or satisfy a specific need.
Rational choice theory
READ
According to Aristotle, a man’s life has a purpose and the function of life is to attain that purpose. We do not simply live; we live to achieve the things that we want. And because of that, human flourishing is a life long journey and one should not be considered “flourished” if he did not experience all these things in life. Therefore, we must all live each day with a purpose, whether to help, to grow, to be healthy, or simply to be happy.
The _______ of man is linked to its positive psychological and social functioning. When you feel positive, it triggers psychological resilience to help you recover faster from stressful situations
positive physical well-being
Here, ____ is not only focused on happiness but also in psychological well-being.
human flourishing
Well-being theory (WBT) proposes five indicators of well-being:
(P) Positive Emotions- Feeling positive emotions such as awe, love, amusement, joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, and inspiration;
(E) Engagement- Being fully absorbed in activities that use your skills, and challenge you;
(R) Relationships- Having positive relationships;
(M) Meaning Serving something bigger than yourself;
(A) Accomplishment- Pursuing success, achievement and mastery for their own sake.
