Struggles through FL 3

Question 1

What is the looking-glass self theory of self identity?

Answer 1

The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept stating that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them. If the man feels bias from society and/or police, the looking-glass self theory states that he will internalize the bias/stigmatization directed towards him.

Question 2

Explain and give an example of Framing Bias

Answer 2

Framing bias (or the framing effect) is one of many factors which affect a person’s decisions. Just like how a picture may be framed in many different ways to change the viewer’s impression, the way an option or decision is presented to a person will change how they feel about it and influence their likelihood to make a particular choice.

An example from everyday life could be the way that two different people frame their beliefs about the same used car. One person might say, “oh, it’s a real reliable car”, giving off a positive impression, and the other might say, “it’s old and worn”, spinning a negative impression.

Question 3

Explain and provide an example of Automation Bias

Answer 3

Automation bias is the tendency to excessively depend on automated systems, which can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions.

An example of this can be seen in the show, “The Office.” While driving back from a business meeting, Michael drives his car into a lake because his GPS continually says “turn here,” despite seeing the lake he was driving into.

Question 4

What is egocentric bias?

Answer 4

Egocentric bias is the tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is. According to the results from several conducted studies, individuals are also more likely to favor circumstances that are beneficial to themselves compared to those that favor the people around them.

Question 5

Define Intragenerational mobility

Answer 5

Intragenerational mobility describes changes in social class that occur within one lifetime. Since the change in social class occurred across generations, this is not an example of intragenerational mobility.

Question 6

Define Intergenerational Mobility

Answer 6

Intergenerational mobility describes upward or downward movement in social class between two or more generations.

Question 7

Define Social Reproduction

Answer 7

Social reproduction describes a phenomenon in which poverty tends to beget poverty, and wealth tends to beget wealth across generations.

Question 8

Compared to being off medication, a patient on a parasympathetic agonist is most likely to exhibit what symptom?

Increased blood pressure

Increased heart rate

Dilated bronchioles

Increased salivation

Answer 8

Increased Salivation

This question is asking us to recall the effects of stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system increases activity in the digestive tract to digest food.

Question 9

Are interneurons considered to be afferent of efferent neurons?

Answer 9

Neither. They are already located inside of the spinal cord, so they cannot send signals to OR away from it.

Question 10

What is expectation bias?

Answer 10

Expectation bias is when expectations influence attitudes or behavior.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a strategy to induce compliance in a target group?

A dress code at an organization

Referring to military recruits by their military number

Hazing rituals in a club involving humiliation

Pointing out differences between one group of students’ performance and another group’s performance

Answer 11

Pointing out differences between one group of students’ performance and another group’s performance

Compliance is induced in groups that view themselves as similar.

Question 12

That there might be differences between the Stanford Prison Experiment and actual prison conditions represents a critique of which aspect of the study design?

Answer 12

Ecological validity

Ecological validity refers to how findings from an experimental setting can be generalized to the environmental considerations in the real world.

Question 13

The Rorschach inkblot test is often used to identify distinct personalities in those with Dissociative identity Disorder. This test is best categorized as a:

I. subjective personality assessment.

II. objective personality assessment.

III. projective personality assessment.

Choose all that apply

Answer 13

In subjective assessments, patients project their own subjective feelings, perceptions, and thoughts onto the assessment stimuli, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy (I). For example, physicians may reach a different conclusion despite seeing the same patient who says the same thing. Projective personality assessments require the participant to respond, and then their response is assessed for meaning (III).

Question 14

Describe the necessary characteristics of creativity

Answer 14

Creativity requires several characteristics, including:

• openness to experience
• new ideas
• an internal locus of evaluation
• an ability to toy with elements and concepts
• perceiving freshly
• concern with outside and inside worlds
• ability to defer closure and judgment
• skilled performance of the traditional arts

Question 15

Does Weber’s law describe a linear or a non-linear relationship between stimulus intensity and detection?

Answer 15

Weber’s law postulates that there is a linear relationship, not a non-linear relationship, between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.

Question 16

Explain and give an example of differential association theory

Answer 16

According to differential association theory, individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it, while individuals who don’t commit crimes have not been exposed to this type of behavior.

For example, a child going from an area in which he is likely to be exposed to crime to an area where he is not likely to be exposed will reduce the likelihood of this individual committing a crime.

Question 17

Repeated messages in school that students are expected to uphold prosocial values is an attempt to reduce criminal behavior by which theory?

Choose between Labeling theory and Strain theory

Answer 17

This is an example of reducing crime through labeling theory

Question 18

Deemphasizing the importance of values, such as material wealth, that would lead individuals to commit crimes, is an attempt to reduce crime by use of which theory?

Choose between labeling theory and strain theory

Answer 18

This is an example of reducing crime through strain theory.

Question 19

What effects would an external locus of control likely have on self-esteem and self-efficacy, respectively?

Answer 19

Self-esteem may increase, as past failures would be attributed to factors other than the individual.

Self-efficacy would not be affected, as the individual may not have any reason to change their individual confidence in completing a task.

Question 20

What are ways that one can increase their self-efficacy?

Answer 20

Ways to increase self-efficacy include social modeling, social persuasion, and modifying psychological responses, as well as mastery of tasks.

Question 21

An individual with Wernicke’s aphasia would likely have difficulty with what part of communication?

Answer 21

Expressing meaning

People with Wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty connecting meaning to language. They both comprehend language poorly and construct language with no meaning.

Question 22

According to French and Raven’s bases of power model, what is a referent power?

Answer 22

According to the bases of power model, an individual with referent power exerts control by appealing to others’ desire to belong to a group. This type of control is most likely to appeal to individuals through external factors, such as appearing desirable or feeling included and not knowledge or logic or evidence.

Question 23

Define Confabulation and explain its role in Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 23

One of the symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome is confabulation – making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing that those memories are true. When asked to recognize sentences, Korsakoff’s patients (at a rate vastly higher than normal) pick incorrect sentences, suggesting they confabulate the memory of having heard those sentences.

Question 24

What is Vitamin B1 and a deficiency in this causes what disease?

Answer 24

B1 is Thiamine. Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). Korsakoff syndrome most commonly occurs due to alcohol abuse. Thiamine deficiency leads to a reduction in the activity of certain enzymes, which causes a reduction in mitochondrial activity, decreased energy production, and eventually selective neuronal death.

Question 25

Describe the effects of estrogen on bone reabsorption

Answer 25

Estrogen inhibits bone resorption; in fact, this is the reason why post-menopausal women experience significant declines in bone density.

Question 26

True or false:

testosterone causes the Leydig cells in the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm.

Answer 26

False

Sperm is produced by the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules, not the Leydig cells.

Question 27

True or False:

A study with external validity must always have generalizability

Answer 27

True.

External validity describes the generalizability of the study, or the extent to which results can be applied to a wider population

Question 28

What is the difference between implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes?

Answer 28

Implicit attitudes are unconscious attitudes. Contrarily, If someone is conscious of an attitude, it is an explicit attitude.

Question 29

Explain the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 29

The Cannon-Bard theory states that emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion.