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Biological Psychology > Structures of the Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Structures of the Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the Nervous System?

2

A
  1. Peripheral NS

2. Central NS

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2
Q

What makes up the Peripheral NS?

2

A
  1. Autonomic NS

2. Somatic NS

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3
Q

What are the functions of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems in the Autonomic NS?
(3)

A

Creating homeostasis in the body

  1. Parasympathetic decreases/ slows down processes
  2. Sympathetic increases/ Speeds up processes
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4
Q

What is the basal organisation function of the PNS and CNS?

13

A
  • Afferent (in)
    Stimuli => Detected by peripheral NS => sensory information sent through the Spinal Cord in the Central Nervous System => Recognised by Brain => decision taken by Brain
  • Efferent (out)
    Motor commands sent to PNS: Somatic or Autonomic => Command is executed
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5
Q

What do 9 Anatomical Directions mean?

18

A
  1. Ventral = bottom of the head/ front of body
  2. Dorsal = top of the head/ back of body
  3. Anterior/ Rostral = nose end
  4. Posterior = tail end
  5. Lateral = towards the sides
  6. Medial = towards the middle
  7. Bilateral = both sides of head/ body
  8. Ipsilateral = same side of head/ body
  9. Contralateral = opposite side off head/body
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6
Q

What are the 3 Anatomical planes?

6

A
  1. Horizontal Section = Middle of the forehead cut
  2. Sagittal section = Middle of the face cut
  3. Coronal section = Middle of the head (ears) cut
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7
Q

What are the main arteries that ensure constant blood supply to the brain?
(7)

A
  1. Anterior Cerebral Artery
  2. Anterior Communicating Artery
  3. Internal Carotid Artery
  4. Posterior Communicating Artery
  5. Posterior Cerebral Artery
  6. Basiliar Artery
  7. Vertebral Artery
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8
Q

What happens if the brain is depleted of resources (O2 and Glucose) for some time?
(7)

A
  • 1 Second Interruption: Brain cannot store glucose = depleted of all resources
  • 6 Seconds Interruption: Unconsciousness
  • A few minutes = brain damage
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9
Q

What is the meninges and what are its structures?

10

A
  • A protective layer between the skull and brain/ spinal cord and spinal column
    1. Outer layer: Thick, Though, Flexible
    2. Middle layer: Web-like sheet of tissue
    3. Subarachnoid Space: Filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid
    4. Inner Layer: Thin with rich blood supply
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10
Q

What are the functions of the Blood- Brain Barrier?

7

A

CNS cannot kill viruses
BBB keeps viruses/ bacteria. harmful chemicals out
only small and uncharged molecules can pass through (O2/ CO2)
Active Transport System pumps essentials into the brains

– some Harmful substances like nicotine and heroine can pass through but antibiotics cannot

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11
Q

What are the functions of the Ventricular System?

2

A
  • 4 ventricles in the brain that allow protective Cerebrospinal Fluid to flow around
  • CSF also flows in the subarachnoid space
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12
Q

How does the brains develop?

4

A
  • 3 weeks: fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain almost equal
  • 7 weeks: + fore-brain, mid-brain, hind-brain and cranial nerveless
  • 11 weeks: ++ fore-brain, + mid-brain, + hind-brain
  • at birth: fore-brain fully developed, mid-brain hidden, hind-brain = cerebellum and medulla
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13
Q

What are the structures of the adult brain?

5

A
  • Fore-brain: Telencephalon (the hemispheres), Diencephalon (little hidden structure inside: interbrain)
  • Mid-brain: Mesencephalon (bellow Diencephalon)
  • Hind-brain: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
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14
Q

What structures form the Central Nervous System?

A
  • Brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

- Spinal Cord

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15
Q

What are the structures and functions of the Myelencephalon?

4

A
  • It is the Medulla Oblongata:

Controls vital functions: cardiovascular system, respiration, muscle tone

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16
Q

What are the structures and functions of the Metencephalon?

10

A
  • The pons (bridge): Link between hindbrain and midbrain
    also involved in: respiration, eye movement, facial expression, chewing
  • Cerebellum (little brain): Motor Cortex and sense organs:
    Voluntary muscle movements
    Balance and equilibrium maintenance
    Muscle tone and posture
17
Q

What are the structures and functions of the Mesencephalon?

9

A

Provides major pathways for sensory and motor impulses between the forebrain and the midbrain

  • Tectum (roof): auditory and visual communication
  • Tegmentum (covering): sensory processes, movement, motor control (substantia nigra)
18
Q

What are the structures and functions of the Diencephalon?

6

A
  • Thalamus (chamber): Receives sensory info, relays sensory processing in the cortex
  • Hypothalamus (+ Pituitary Gland): Regulation of Automatic Nervous System and Endocrine System
19
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the Telencephalon?

2

A
  • Corpus Callosum: nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres
20
Q

What is the Telencephalon made out of?

4

A
  • White matter: axons covered in myelin sheath

- Gray matter: Cortex made up of cells

21
Q

What are the structures and functions of the Limbic System of the Telencephalon?
(12)

A

The structures are involved in stress, emotions, memory storage and retrieval:

  • Cingulate Gyrus: control of emotions and behavior
  • Fornix: links Hippocampus and Hypothalamus
  • Amygdala: emotional processing and motivation
  • Hippocampus: Involved in learning and memory (threat detection and emotionally charged memories)
22
Q

What are the 3 major grooves that divide the Cerebral Cortex?
(3)

A
  • Longitudinal Fissure
  • Central Sulcus
  • Lateral Fissure
23
Q

What are the structures of the Cerebral Cortex?

4

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
24
Q

How are the Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Divided?

2

A
  • Central Sulcus: divides frontal and parietal lobes

- lateral fissure: divides temporal lobe from frontal, parietal and occipital lobes

25
Q

What are the functions of the Central Nervous System?

3

A
  1. Basic functions: breathing, swallowing, digestion, movement => Medulla - brain-stem and cerebellum
  2. Behaviors essential for survival: pain, pleasure, eating, fear, sex => Limbic System
  3. Higher order Functions: planning, perception, thinking, problem solving => Cerebral Cortex

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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