Hormones Flashcards
Learn about glands, hormones, thier roles, feedbacks and hormonal studies.
What are the main endocrine glands?
9
- Hypothalamus 4. Adrenal Gland 7. Pancreas
- Pituitary Gland 5. Ovaries
- Pineal Gland 6. Testis
- Thyroid Gland 9. Thymus
What is the role of the Pineal Gland?
3
- Pineal gland produces Melatonin.
- Melatonin regulates sleeping and working cycles.
- Melatonin peaks around midnight and decreases throughout the day.
What is Entrainment?
2
Matching physiological events to environmental oscillations.
What is the role of the Hypothalamus?
4
- Hypothalamic Nuclei synthesises Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones that either inhibit or stimulate release from the Pituitary Gland.
What is the role of the Pituitary Gland?
2
- Releases Tropic Hormones which influence other glands to release hormones
How are the 2 parts of the Pituitary Gland called? How are they controlled?
(4)
- Anterior Pituitary: Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones
- Anterior Pituitary: Nerve stimulation from Hypothalamus
What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary Gland influences?
5
- Growth Hormone (GH): bones
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Adrenal Cortex
- Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): Thyroid Gland
- Gonadotropic Hormones (FSH & LH): Ovary and Testis
- Prolactin (PRL): Mammary Glands
What hormones does the Posterior Pituitary Gland influences?
2
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Kidney Tubes
2. Oxytocin (OT): Uterus Smooth Muscles & Mammary Glands
What is the role of ADH/ Vasopressin?
2
- Antidiuretic Hormone stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys.
- Stimulates vasoconstriction in response to stress.
What is the role of Oxytocin?
4
- Muscle contraction inside the uterus
- Stimulates milk production
- Inhibits stress -> levels respond to social stimulation
- Levels increase during sexual arousal and intercourse
What did Grewen (2005) found about Oxytocin?
2
- People that reported a higher level of support from partner had higher Oxytocin levels
- Oxytocin levels increased in everybody after engaging in loving activities
What is the role of GH?
2
- Deficit: pituitary dwarfism
- Pre-pubertal excess: gigantism
What is the role of TSH?
2
- Produces Thyroxine
- Thyroxine deficit: gland swells up to make up for it
What is the role of Luteinizing Hormone?
2
- Increases production: Progesterone (ovaries)
Testosterone (testes & adrenal
cortex)
What is the role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone?
2
- Increases production: Oestrogen (ovaries)
Sperm (testes)
What is the role of ACTH?
2
- Stimulates release of stress hormones from Adrenal Cortex
What is the role of Prolactin?
- Stimulates breast tissue development during pregnancy
- Stimulates milk production after birth
- Recent studies: important role in sexual desire
How does the Adrenal Medulla work?
2
- Found inside the Adrenal Gland
- Responds to nerve impulses from Hypothalamus (fast)
How does the Adrenal Cortex work?
2
- Found outside the Adrenal Gland
- Responds to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone from the Pituitary Gland (slow)
What does the Adrenal Medulla do?
7
-Secretes Noradrenaline and Adrenaline: \+ heart rate, constrict peripheral blood vessels, glucose release \+ blood flow and energy supply to essential areas short term preparation for stress
What does the adrenal cortex do?
6
- Secrets sex Hormones (secondary characteristic)
- Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterol to maintain blood pressure and salt water balance
- Secrets Cortisol: maintains stress responses during stressful situations
What did Exton’s (1999) study on Masturbation to Orgasm in Males found?
(2)
+ Adrenaline and Noradrenaline during masturbation = they regulate systems not only for f&f responses
What did Exton’s (1999) study on Masturbation to Orgasm in Females found?
(2)
+ Adrenaline and Noradrenaline during masturbation = they regulate systems not only for f&f responses
What did Kruger’s (2002) study on Masturbation vs Intercourse in partners found?
(7)
- After orgasm +prolactin which remains elevated for 160 min in men = – sexual desire, +sexual satiety, – subsequent erections and orgasms
- Females secrete more prolactin
- effect is more profound on men
What did Cabergoline’s study on Impotence Treatments found?
2
- Decreasing prolactin release aka a prolactin antagonist = + sexual desire, – refractory period
What is the role of the Pancreas?
7
- Maintain blood sugar levels:
Low blood sugar = glucagon = signal liver to release glucose
High blood sugar = insulin = stimulates fat cells to take in glucose
What is the role of the Testes?
7
- Secretes male Androgens = Testosterone since foetal development & ++ puberty = secondary male characteristics:
- Development and growth of male reproductive structures
+ Skeletal and muscle growth - Enlargement of larynx
+ Body hair
+ Sexual drive
What is the role of the Ovaries?
10
- Secretes Oestrogens ++ puberty = secondary female characteristics:
- Oestradiol: + breast development, distribution of fat, maturation of uterus and vagina
- Progesterone: thickens uterus lining in pregnancy
- Progesterone and Oestradiol: Stimulate changes inside uterus during period, affect sexual behaviour
How are Hormones and behaviour linked?
2
- Hormones change the likelihood of behaviours occurring according to contexts
- Certain stimuli/ behaviours can influence hormone levels
Give 2 examples of sematic interventions to test hormone behaviour relationship:
(2)
- Remove the source of Hormone
2. Artificially add the Hormone
