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Brain and Behavior > Structures of Nervous System > Flashcards

Structures of Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

neural pathways

A

series of neurons that send signals to each other and process info
- enable signals to be sent to diff parts of nervous system
- linked by axons

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2
Q

convergent pathway

A

has two inputs

can help integrate diff kinds of input to crease one image

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3
Q

divergent pathway

A

has output to two cells

can help send same signal to cause different outcomes

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4
Q

what does the multisynaptic pathway converging on hippocampus enable it to create?

A

hippocampus can integrate diff info
-> converge to crease memory with smell, vision, and hearing

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5
Q

white matter

A

areas in CNS that are largely comprised of myelinated axons

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6
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent: toward the nervous system

efferent: away from the nervous system

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7
Q

features of neural pathways

A
  • synaptic relays
  • pathways process info in parallel
  • brain has organizational structure that reflects environment (topographically organized)
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8
Q

PNS: Somatic Nervous system
- the 12 cranial nerves

A
  • coordinate muscle and sense receptors of head and neck
  • is the brain’s direct communication with body (doesnt have to send signals through spinal cord)
  • some are sensory, motor, or both
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9
Q

PNS: Somatic Nervous system
- the spinal nerves

A

31 pairs carry sensory/motor signals to/from CNS via spinal cord
- are in topographic organization (map onto the certain parts of the body)
- are top down, so if you injure spine near the neck the signal wont go further down meaning paralyzed from neck down

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10
Q

each spinal nerve is the fusion of two distinct branches:

A
  1. dorsal root
  2. ventral root
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11
Q

dorsal root (in spinal cord)

A
  • is an afferent nerve
  • carry sensory information from body to spinal cord
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12
Q

ventral root (in spinal cord)

A
  • is an efferent nerve
  • carry motor info from spinal cord to muscles
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13
Q

why can paralyzed people blink

A

cranial nerves (#7) control blinking. this means the signaling is direct and does not have to go through the spinal cord

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14
Q

regeneration of nerves in PNS after injury

A

axonal regrowth occurs at a rate of 1 cm/week in humans

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15
Q

regeneration of nerves in CNS

A

regeneration inhibitor molecules limit axon growth
- astrocytes put up physical barriers for regrowth (contain inhibitory molecules)
- macrophages do not clear cellular debris

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16
Q

(regeneration) CNS cells in PNS

A

axons from neurons in the spinal cord and regenerate within PNS grafts

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17
Q

PNS: autonomic nervous system

A
  • supported by autonomic ganglia (clusters of cells in pns)
  • supply major organs with nerves

preganglionic fibers -> ganglia -> postganglionic fibers -> organs

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18
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • activation prepares the body for fight/flight response
  • neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
  • ex: increased heart rate and breathing, lower digestion, pupils dilated to gather more info
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19
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

activation is often in opposition to sympathetic activity (rest and digest)

  • neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
  • ex: decreased heart rate and breathing, higher digestion, pupils less dilated
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20
Q

CNS axial organization

A

dorsal: superior
ventral: inferior

rostro: anterior
caudal: posterior

medial: middle (towards/into brain)
lateral: side (away from brain)

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21
Q

three views of the brain (types of cuts)

A

horizontal: through the face horizontally
sagittal: splits two halves of brain
coronal: slices from top down

22
Q

what info does a horizontal cut provide?

A

helps visualize symmetry

23
Q

what info does a saggital cut provide?

A

helps see projection from spinal cord to brain

24
Q

what info does a coronal cut provide?

A

helps see important sections of the brain
ex: The corpus callosum. The lobes of the brain.

25
Q

the cns develops from the

A

neural tube

26
Q

three subdivisions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

27
Q

forebrain develops into

A
  • telencephalon [ cerebral hemispheres (cortex, basil ganglia, limbic system) ]
  • diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
28
Q

midbrain develops into

A

mesencephalon

29
Q

hindbrain develops into

A
  • metencephalon (cerebellum and pons)
  • myelencephalon (medulla)
30
Q

medulla

A

transitions signals from the spinal cord to higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration

  • contains cranial nerve nuclei for head/neck
  • nuclei that regulate breathing, heart rate, sleep

damage is fatal

31
Q

a big medulla plays a large role in

A

physical moves

32
Q

pons

A
  • communicates with cerebellum (motor control)
  • contains motor control and sensory nuclei
  • relaxes muscles during REM
33
Q

cerebellum

A
  • involved in motor coordination and learning
34
Q

Granule cells

A

are the smallest and most numerous type of neurons in the brain

35
Q

Parallel fibers

A

are the axonal extensions of granule cells, with each fiber making single synapses on hundreds of thousands of Purkinje cells

36
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

play a major role in electrical conduction and propagation of impulse to the ventricular muscle

37
Q

superior colliculi (tectum)

A
  • midbrain sensory and motor systems
  • visual reflexes and eye movements

a paired structure in the rostral midbrain that is involved in incorporating environmental stimuli and coordinating gaze shifts involving both eye and head movements

  • eyes move to different areas of visual field to create a 3D image
38
Q

inferior colliculi

A
  • midbrain sensory and motor systems
  • auditory signals; sound localization, frequency

involve sound localization, frequency determination, and integration of auditory with nonauditory systems.

39
Q

substantia nigra

A

neurons release dopamine

is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.

critical brain region for the production of dopamine

40
Q

reticular formation

A

play crucial role in regulating sleep, arousal, consciousness, and motor control

41
Q

thalamus

A

cluster of nuclei that relay sensory/motor info
- sits on top of brainstem

42
Q

hypothalamus

A

nuclei produce hormones to coordinate the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary

  • control vital functions such as sleep, body temp, thirst, hunger, growth, sleep, sex
43
Q

gray matter

A
  • cell bodies and dendrites decide whether to send signals
  • do computations
44
Q

gyri

sulci

A

Outside bump

Valley

45
Q

what are the four lobes

A

frontal: controls cognitive tasks and voluntary movement

parietal: enables body sensation somatosensory cortex

occipital: visual reception and interpretation

temporal: handles memory, hearing, and language

46
Q

Brodmann’s Area

A

divided cortex into 52 areas

47
Q

basal ganglia

A

are important in motor control

  • direct intentional movements
48
Q

limbic system

A

important for learning, memory, cognitive functions, emotional regulation, sense of smell

functions to facilitate memory storage and retrieval, establish emotional states, and link the conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious, autonomic functions of the brain stem

lowkey shaped like an earlobe in the middle of the brain

49
Q

ventricular system

A

series of chambers with cerebral spinal fluid that provides support

  • built like ram horns
50
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A
  1. acts as a shock absorber
  2. provides an exchange medium between blood (transfer macromolecules)
  3. clear waste (metabolic biproducts)
    - does that washing out stuff at night
51
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

large molecules are blocked but some pathogens such as syphilis could still pass through.

Brain and Behavior (14 decks)

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