Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

building blocks of the nervous system

discrete, metabolic units

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2
Q

Golgi Method

A

“the black method”
- used to visualize individual neurons

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3
Q

Input zone

A

where neurons collect and process info, either from the environment or from other cells

  • dendrites
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4
Q

Integration Zone

A

where the decision to produce a neural signal is made
- inputs are combined here

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5
Q

Conduction zone

A

where info can be electrically transmitted over great distances

  • info as electrical signal goes down axon
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6
Q

Output zone

A

axon terminals transfer info to other cells

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7
Q

what kind of signals flow info through neuron

A

electric signal -> chem signal -> electric signal

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8
Q

sensory neurons

A

respond to environmental stimuli (light, touch, etc.)

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9
Q

interneurons

A

receive input from a neuron and send input to another neuron

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10
Q

motor neuron

A

stimulate muscles or glands

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11
Q

unipolar neuron

A

has a single extension from the cell body (axon that extends into dendrites)
- make up most neurons in CNS of invertebrates
- helps with direct signaling bc it is quicker
- not found in humans

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12
Q

pseudounipolar neurons

A

single extension from cell body and axon splits into two branches
- are exclusively sensory neurons (dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerves)
- carry info about touch, vibration, pain, temp, etc.
- branches are axons, there are no dendrites

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13
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one axon, one dendrite

  • ex: form the middle layer of the retina
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14
Q

multipolar neuron

A

only has one axon extending from the cell body, but multiple dendrites grow out of it, making transmitting information easier
- also helpful to gather lots of information

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15
Q

dendritic arborization

A

the branching out of dendrites

  • more of it means more complexity bc there are more synaptic connections possible
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16
Q

dendritic spines

A
  • form functional contacts with neighboring axons of other neurons
  • are very plastic and their size and shape are constantly changing in response to neuronal activity
17
Q

axon hillock

A

part of the cell body that acts as an administrator (integration zone)
- sums up inhibitory and excitatory signals to see if it is enough to trigger an action potential
- if so, an electrical signal is sent down the axon

18
Q

anterograde transport

A

help move info to and from the neuron
- ex: anterograde motor proteins: kinesin

19
Q

retrograde transport

A

shuttles molecules/organelles away from axon termini toward the cell body

  • ex: cytoplasmic dynein is used to send chemical messages and endocytosis products headed to endolysosomes from the axon back to the cell
20
Q

what cargo might anterograde vs. retrograde proteins carry?

A
  • neurotransmitters/precursors to axon terminal
  • movement of nutrients
21
Q

synaptic transmission

A

synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals contain a chemical neurotransmitter (nt)
- nt are released in response to electrical activity in the axon
- receptors in the postsynaptic membrane are specialized proteins that react when a nt molecule binds to them

22
Q

glia

A
  • communicate with each other and neurons
  • influence neural structure and excitability
  • important for neural repair and signaling
23
Q

microglia

A
  • functions: surveillance, pruning, and plasticity
  • are the primary immune system of the nervous system
  • patrol the cerebral microenvironment to respond to pathogens and damage
  • release inflammatory factors like cytokines
  • make up 10% of cells in the brain
  • can change morphology depending on what it needs to do
24
Q

cytokines

A

proteins that, when released, signal the immune system to do its job
- affect the growth of all blood cells and activity of immune cells

25
Q

aberrations (abnormalities) in microglia functioning can lead to

A

excessive synapse loss and cognitive dysfunction
- ex: Alzheimer’s Disease, Schizophrenia (excessive synaptic pruning)

26
Q

macroglia

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. schwann cells
  • both have similar function (form myelin sheath) but occur in different parts
27
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

in the CNS and form myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord

28
Q

schwann cells

A

in the PNS and form myelin sheath for cells outside of the brain

29
Q

insulation of axons (myelin sheath) help to

A

transmit electrical impulses quickly and efficiently

30
Q

myelination in cells over time

A
  • more myelination occurs as neuron cell grows older (baby has none and adult is longer with more myelin)
  • increases rapidly during first 6 months of life bc there is a lot of info coming in and is learning a lot
  • locations near back and top of brain get myelinated fastest (vision/motion)
31
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • immune system mistakenly attacks brain and nerves
  • causes a loss in myelination
  • leads to sclerosis (abnormal hardening of body tissue)
32
Q

astrocytes

A

help transmit info from neurons and blood

  • monitor and support neurons
  • regulate cerebral blood flow in adjacent capillaries to coordinate oxygen and glucose delivery with the energy demands of neurons
  • can receive neuronal input and release transmitters (gliotransmission)
33
Q

can glia “talk”?

A

glia tune signal and amplify it
- regulate how neurons communicate
- release additional glutamate in return (can activate glutamate receptors on cerebellum neurons to amplify neural function - important for motor learning)