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higher human biology > structure & replication of DNA > Flashcards

structure & replication of DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the shape of DNA

A

double-helix

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2
Q

a DNA nucleotide is made up of what?

A

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a base

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3
Q

what is the sugar phosphate backbone?

A

a strong chemical bond that forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose sugar of the next nucleotide that continues the length of the DNA molecule.

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4
Q

what are the base pairings?

A

adenine - thymine, guanine - cytosine

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5
Q

what type of bond binds the pairs together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

the 2 strands that make up a DNA molecule run in opposite directions , what is the term to describe this?

A

anti-parallel

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7
Q

the phosphate is always at which end?

A

5’

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8
Q

the deoxyribose sugar is always at which end?

A

3’

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9
Q

the base sequence or the order in which the bases are in form the what?

A

genetic code

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10
Q

what is DNA polymerase?

A

an enzyme that is responsible for the synthesising new strands of DNA during replication.

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11
Q

what does DNA polymerase need to start the replication process?

A

primers

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12
Q

what are primers?

A

a short band of nucleotides which is formed at and binds to the 3’ end of the template DNA strand.

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13
Q

what does DNA polymerase do?

A

DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides, using complimentary base pairings to the deoxyribose 3’ end of the new DNA strand thats forming

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14
Q

what is ligase and what does it do?

A

ligase is an enzyme that joins together the fragments of the lagging strand of DNA.

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15
Q

what direction is the new strand built in?

A

5’—3’

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16
Q

what does the polymerase chain reaction do to DNA

A

it amplifies DNA

17
Q

what are PCR primers and how are they designed?

A

short strands of nucleotides which are complementary to specific target sequences at the two ends of the region of DNA to be amplified.

18
Q

what are practical uses of PCR?

A
  1. to solve crimes
  2. settle paternity suits
  3. diagnose genetic disorders.
19
Q

what enzyme is important to PCR and what role does it play?

A

PCR uses heat tolerant DNA polymerase with and its function is to join nucleotides to the 3’ end of the new strand.

20
Q

what is heat tolerant DNA polymerase’s optimum temperature?

A

roughly 72 degrees celcius

21
Q

how do they amplify the DNA region?

A

by a cycle of heating and cooling, the DNA is heated to between 92-98 to seperate the strands of DNA, it is then cooled to between 50-65 to allow the primer to bind to complementary target sequences , the heated back up to 70-80 so the heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA, this process is repeated and the DNA will be amplified

higher human biology (8 decks)

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