Structure of Vertebral Column Lect 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Three words for ‘up’
A
Superior, cranial, cephalic
2
Q
Two words for ‘front’
A
anterior, ventral
3
Q
Toward the midline
A
medial
4
Q
Close to the root or base
A
proximal
5
Q
Near the surface
A
superficial
6
Q
Two words for ‘down’
A
Inferior, caudal
7
Q
Two words for ‘back’
A
posterior, dorsal
8
Q
Away from the midline
A
lateral
9
Q
Away from the root or base
A
distal
10
Q
Away from the surface
A
deep
11
Q
Plane vertically through the midline
A
median plane
12
Q
Plane parallel to the midline
A
sagittal
13
Q
Plane parallel to the front of the body
A
Frontal, coronal
14
Q
Plane horizontal across the body
A
horizontal plane
15
Q
Any plane not sagittal, frontal horizontal
A
Oblique plane
16
Q
3 layer disc in first 4 weeks of development
A
trilaminar embryonic disk
17
Q
what are the 3 primary germ layers?
A
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
18
Q
Anterior/inner layer of germ layers?
A
endoderm
19
Q
Endoderm forms
A
gut, most of viscera (internal organs)
20
Q
Name endodermal derivatives
A
GI tract, epithelium of respiratory tract, parenchyma (thyroid, parathyroid, liver and pancreas), reticular stroma (tonsils, thymus), epithelial lining of urinary bladder and urethra, epithelial lining of tympanic canal and eustachian tube
21
Q
Posterior or outer embryonic layer
A
ectoderm
22
Q
Ectoderm forms
A
structures/organs that maintain contact with the outside world
23
Q
Name ectodermal derivatives
A
sensory epithelium of eyes, ear, nose, skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous (sweat) glands, mammary glands, pituitary gland and enamel, CNS, PNS
24
Q
Middle embryonic layer
A
Mesoderm
25
Mesoderm forms
most of structural support of body - almost everything between viscera and outer shell of body
26
Name mesodermal derivatives
supporting tissue - connective tissue, cartilage, bone. Deep connective tissue -mesenteries, pleura, peritoneum. Striated and smooth muscle. Kidneys, gonads, ducts. Blood/lymph cells, walls of heart, blood/lymph vessels, spleen.
27
Why is anterior/posterior asymmetrical?
Germ disk folds anteriorly to form gut tube - most of viscera (soft internal organs) are in front of body
28
T/F: mesoderm forms structural core of body
true
29
Where does the nervous system develop in relation to the structural core?
Posterior
30
What layer does nervous system form from?
Posterior ectoderm
31
Process of formation of nervous system
neurulation
32
Briefly explain formation of neural tube
Ectoderm at embryo midline thickens and folds; folds fuse to make neural tube
33
After neural tube if formed, what happens?
Ends of tube close, creating closed tube that resembles adult CNS
34
How do the neural crest cells form?
Cells at lateral border of neural folds dissociate from the neuroectoderm.
35
Where do the neural crest cells go?
Migrate through the embryo to different structures - including all the PNS, linings of the CNS and melanocytes
36
What is the structural core of the body?
the axial skeleton
37
Two functions of the axial skeleton?
Protects and encloses CNS
38
What does the body of the vertebrae do?
Supports column, connected to intervertebral discs
39
Another name for the vertebral arch?
Neural arch
40
Name two things that make up the vertebral arch?
Laminae and pedicles
41
What do pedicles connect?
Transverse processes to body of vertebra
42
What part of arch do lamina form?
Roof of arch
43
What do lamina connect?
Spinous processes to transverse processes
44
What is the space under the vertebral arch called?
Vertebral foramen
45
What are the spaces between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae?
intervertebral foramina
46
What passes through intervertebral foramina?
Spinal nerves and vessels
47
Name two processes of vertebra
Spinous and transverse
48
Which way do articular processes project?
Superiorly and inferiorly
49
What do articular processes come together to form?
facet joints
50
What do facet joints do?
Hold the vertebra together while allowing some movement
51
How many curvatures of spine in the newborn?
One primary (spine is in flexion = kyphotic)
52
What is kyphotic curvature?
spine in flexion
53
When do the two secondary curvatures form?
Cervical (when baby picks up head) and lumbar (when baby stands up)
54
What type of curvature are the secondary curvatures?
Lordotic
55
What is the last curvature of the spine?
Thoracic = kyphotic
56
How many total curvatures in spine?
Four
57
Name the types of curvatures in spine and whether they are kyphotic/lordotic
Cervical (secondary, lordotic), thoracic (kyphotic), lumbar (secondary, lordotic), sacral (kyphotic)
58
How many vertebrae in adult?
33
59
How many of each type of vertebrae?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal
60
What structure do all cervical vertebrae have?
Foramina transversaria
61
What passes through the cervical foramina transversaria?
Vertebral artery
62
Which cervical vertebrae does vertebral artery pass through?
Upper 6 (C1-C6 only)
63
What type of spinous processes do the cervical vertebrae have?
Bifid
64
Why are the cervical spinous processes this shape?
For large muscles holding the head up
65
What are unconvertible joints?
Special joints between cervical vertebral bodies
66
What do unconvertible cervical vertebrae joints do?
Stabilize relative position of adjacent vertebrae while retaining mobility of the neck
67
Where is the freest motion of the spinal column?
Between axis (C2), atlas (C1) and the base of the skull
68
What type of spines do thoracic vertebrae have?
Downturned spines
69
Explain how downturned thoracic spines affect the spine
They are united by ligaments = stiffen the thoracic spine, allowing rotation but little flexion/extension
70
What is a ligament?
Tough band of connective tissue that joints one bone to another bone
71
T/F: do ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?
T
72
Why do thoracic vertebrae have small vertebral foramina?
Spinal cord is small in this region - cervical and lumbosacral are bigger bc they need to support nerve supply to limbs
73
Which type of vertebrae have large, horizontal spines?
Lumbar
74
What do lumbar spines provide support for?
Large deep back muscles
75
Which vertebrae act as base for vertebral column?
Sacral
76
T/F: bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae are fused
False - is sacral
77
What passes through anterior/posterior sacral foramina?
Sacral nerves
78
Where does the vertebral canal open?
Opens inferiorly at sacral hiatus
79
What is the coccyx?
Rudimentary, fused vertebrae
80
What holds vertebrae together?
Ligaments, facet joints, intervertebral disks
81
Name three ligaments which hold vertebrae together
Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamenta flava, supraspinous/interspinous ligaments
82
Where do anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments pass?
In front of / in back of vertebral bodies
83
What do ligamenta flava connect?
Laminae along vertebral canal
84
What function does ligaments lava provide to spina
Provide elastic recoil when straightening the back from flexed position
85
What part of vertebrae do interspinous and supraspinous ligaments connect?
Spines of vertebrae
86
Another name for facet joints
zygapophyseal joints
87
What do facet joints connect?
Articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
88
How are facet joints held together?
By ligaments that form a capsule around the articulation.
89
What type of fluid is contained in the capsule surrounding a facet joint?
synovial fluid
90
What does synovial fluid do?
Lubricates joint for movement.
91
What do intervertebral discs do?
Give flexibility to the spine and act as shock absorbers.
92
T/F: intervertebral discs are found between all vertebrae
FALSE - only found between NON FUSED vertebrae
93
What are the two things the intervertebral disc is made of?
Annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
94
What is the annulus fibrosus?
Outer ring of fibrocartilage
95
What is the nucleus pulposus?
Gelantinous interior (remnant of notochord)
96
What is the nucleus pulposus a remnant of?
notochord
97
When does a herniated disc occur?
When nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus
98
Why does the herniation occur posteriolaterally?
Annulus fibrosus is not reinforced by anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments here (near base of pedicle)
99
Where does the atlas articulate with the skull?
With the occipital condyles of the skull
100
What action occurs at the atlantooccipital joint?
Nodding of the head on the atlas
101
Where does rotation of the head occur?
Atlantoaxial joint - rotation of head and atlas occurs as unit around the dens
102
Dens of axis is strapped against anterior arch of atlas by...?
very strong transverse ligament of atlas
103
Shape made by superior and inferior longitudinal bands of transverse ligament?
cruciform
104
What structure does the transverse ligament of atlas attach?
Skull to axis
105
What attaches the skull to the dens of axis?
Alar ligaments
106
Spaces between arches of atlas and base of skull are closed off by...?
anterior and posterior atlantooccipital membrane
107
What is the tectorial membrane?
Where the posterior longitudinal ligament is expanded and thickened - at inside of skull near anterior rim of foramen magnum
