Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy > Structure of Vertebral Column Lect 1 > Flashcards

Structure of Vertebral Column Lect 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three words for ‘up’

A

Superior, cranial, cephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two words for ‘front’

A

anterior, ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Toward the midline

A

medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Close to the root or base

A

proximal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Near the surface

A

superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two words for ‘down’

A

Inferior, caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two words for ‘back’

A

posterior, dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Away from the midline

A

lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Away from the root or base

A

distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Away from the surface

A

deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Plane vertically through the midline

A

median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Plane parallel to the midline

A

sagittal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plane parallel to the front of the body

A

Frontal, coronal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Plane horizontal across the body

A

horizontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Any plane not sagittal, frontal horizontal

A

Oblique plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 layer disc in first 4 weeks of development

A

trilaminar embryonic disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 3 primary germ layers?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anterior/inner layer of germ layers?

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endoderm forms

A

gut, most of viscera (internal organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name endodermal derivatives

A

GI tract, epithelium of respiratory tract, parenchyma (thyroid, parathyroid, liver and pancreas), reticular stroma (tonsils, thymus), epithelial lining of urinary bladder and urethra, epithelial lining of tympanic canal and eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Posterior or outer embryonic layer

A

ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ectoderm forms

A

structures/organs that maintain contact with the outside world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name ectodermal derivatives

A

sensory epithelium of eyes, ear, nose, skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous (sweat) glands, mammary glands, pituitary gland and enamel, CNS, PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Middle embryonic layer

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mesoderm forms

A

most of structural support of body - almost everything between viscera and outer shell of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name mesodermal derivatives

A

supporting tissue - connective tissue, cartilage, bone. Deep connective tissue -mesenteries, pleura, peritoneum. Striated and smooth muscle. Kidneys, gonads, ducts. Blood/lymph cells, walls of heart, blood/lymph vessels, spleen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is anterior/posterior asymmetrical?

A

Germ disk folds anteriorly to form gut tube - most of viscera (soft internal organs) are in front of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T/F: mesoderm forms structural core of body

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the nervous system develop in relation to the structural core?

A

Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What layer does nervous system form from?

A

Posterior ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Process of formation of nervous system

A

neurulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Briefly explain formation of neural tube

A

Ectoderm at embryo midline thickens and folds; folds fuse to make neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

After neural tube if formed, what happens?

A

Ends of tube close, creating closed tube that resembles adult CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do the neural crest cells form?

A

Cells at lateral border of neural folds dissociate from the neuroectoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where do the neural crest cells go?

A

Migrate through the embryo to different structures - including all the PNS, linings of the CNS and melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the structural core of the body?

A

the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Two functions of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects and encloses CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the body of the vertebrae do?

A

Supports column, connected to intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Another name for the vertebral arch?

A

Neural arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Name two things that make up the vertebral arch?

A

Laminae and pedicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do pedicles connect?

A

Transverse processes to body of vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What part of arch do lamina form?

A

Roof of arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do lamina connect?

A

Spinous processes to transverse processes

44
Q

What is the space under the vertebral arch called?

A

Vertebral foramen

45
Q

What are the spaces between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae?

A

intervertebral foramina

46
Q

What passes through intervertebral foramina?

A

Spinal nerves and vessels

47
Q

Name two processes of vertebra

A

Spinous and transverse

48
Q

Which way do articular processes project?

A

Superiorly and inferiorly

49
Q

What do articular processes come together to form?

A

facet joints

50
Q

What do facet joints do?

A

Hold the vertebra together while allowing some movement

51
Q

How many curvatures of spine in the newborn?

A

One primary (spine is in flexion = kyphotic)

52
Q

What is kyphotic curvature?

A

spine in flexion

53
Q

When do the two secondary curvatures form?

A

Cervical (when baby picks up head) and lumbar (when baby stands up)

54
Q

What type of curvature are the secondary curvatures?

A

Lordotic

55
Q

What is the last curvature of the spine?

A

Thoracic = kyphotic

56
Q

How many total curvatures in spine?

A

Four

57
Q

Name the types of curvatures in spine and whether they are kyphotic/lordotic

A

Cervical (secondary, lordotic), thoracic (kyphotic), lumbar (secondary, lordotic), sacral (kyphotic)

58
Q

How many vertebrae in adult?

A

33

59
Q

How many of each type of vertebrae?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal

60
Q

What structure do all cervical vertebrae have?

A

Foramina transversaria

61
Q

What passes through the cervical foramina transversaria?

A

Vertebral artery

62
Q

Which cervical vertebrae does vertebral artery pass through?

A

Upper 6 (C1-C6 only)

63
Q

What type of spinous processes do the cervical vertebrae have?

A

Bifid

64
Q

Why are the cervical spinous processes this shape?

A

For large muscles holding the head up

65
Q

What are unconvertible joints?

A

Special joints between cervical vertebral bodies

66
Q

What do unconvertible cervical vertebrae joints do?

A

Stabilize relative position of adjacent vertebrae while retaining mobility of the neck

67
Q

Where is the freest motion of the spinal column?

A

Between axis (C2), atlas (C1) and the base of the skull

68
Q

What type of spines do thoracic vertebrae have?

A

Downturned spines

69
Q

Explain how downturned thoracic spines affect the spine

A

They are united by ligaments = stiffen the thoracic spine, allowing rotation but little flexion/extension

70
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Tough band of connective tissue that joints one bone to another bone

71
Q

T/F: do ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?

A

T

72
Q

Why do thoracic vertebrae have small vertebral foramina?

A

Spinal cord is small in this region - cervical and lumbosacral are bigger bc they need to support nerve supply to limbs

73
Q

Which type of vertebrae have large, horizontal spines?

A

Lumbar

74
Q

What do lumbar spines provide support for?

A

Large deep back muscles

75
Q

Which vertebrae act as base for vertebral column?

A

Sacral

76
Q

T/F: bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae are fused

A

False - is sacral

77
Q

What passes through anterior/posterior sacral foramina?

A

Sacral nerves

78
Q

Where does the vertebral canal open?

A

Opens inferiorly at sacral hiatus

79
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Rudimentary, fused vertebrae

80
Q

What holds vertebrae together?

A

Ligaments, facet joints, intervertebral disks

81
Q

Name three ligaments which hold vertebrae together

A

Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamenta flava, supraspinous/interspinous ligaments

82
Q

Where do anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments pass?

A

In front of / in back of vertebral bodies

83
Q

What do ligamenta flava connect?

A

Laminae along vertebral canal

84
Q

What function does ligaments lava provide to spina

A

Provide elastic recoil when straightening the back from flexed position

85
Q

What part of vertebrae do interspinous and supraspinous ligaments connect?

A

Spines of vertebrae

86
Q

Another name for facet joints

A

zygapophyseal joints

87
Q

What do facet joints connect?

A

Articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

88
Q

How are facet joints held together?

A

By ligaments that form a capsule around the articulation.

89
Q

What type of fluid is contained in the capsule surrounding a facet joint?

A

synovial fluid

90
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Lubricates joint for movement.

91
Q

What do intervertebral discs do?

A

Give flexibility to the spine and act as shock absorbers.

92
Q

T/F: intervertebral discs are found between all vertebrae

A

FALSE - only found between NON FUSED vertebrae

93
Q

What are the two things the intervertebral disc is made of?

A

Annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus

94
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

Outer ring of fibrocartilage

95
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Gelantinous interior (remnant of notochord)

96
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus a remnant of?

A

notochord

97
Q

When does a herniated disc occur?

A

When nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus

98
Q

Why does the herniation occur posteriolaterally?

A

Annulus fibrosus is not reinforced by anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments here (near base of pedicle)

99
Q

Where does the atlas articulate with the skull?

A

With the occipital condyles of the skull

100
Q

What action occurs at the atlantooccipital joint?

A

Nodding of the head on the atlas

101
Q

Where does rotation of the head occur?

A

Atlantoaxial joint - rotation of head and atlas occurs as unit around the dens

102
Q

Dens of axis is strapped against anterior arch of atlas by…?

A

very strong transverse ligament of atlas

103
Q

Shape made by superior and inferior longitudinal bands of transverse ligament?

A

cruciform

104
Q

What structure does the transverse ligament of atlas attach?

A

Skull to axis

105
Q

What attaches the skull to the dens of axis?

A

Alar ligaments

106
Q

Spaces between arches of atlas and base of skull are closed off by…?

A

anterior and posterior atlantooccipital membrane

107
Q

What is the tectorial membrane?

A

Where the posterior longitudinal ligament is expanded and thickened - at inside of skull near anterior rim of foramen magnum

Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions