Structure of the Skin Flashcards

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1
Q

describe thin skin

A

4 thinner epidermal layers that covers all remaining parts of the body. Not palm, soles, fingers, toes,

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2
Q

describe thick skin

A

5 epidermal layers and covers palm, soles, fingers, toes, surface layer has dead cells and lacks hair follicles.

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3
Q

Epidermis organization

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium organized into several distinct strata.

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4
Q

Structure of stratum basale

A

single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. (Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells)

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5
Q

Function of stratum basale

A

continuously undergo mitotic cell division to produce new skin cells.

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6
Q

keratinocytes

A

most abundant cells, are held together by desmosomes. tough, fibrous keratin protects skin from heat, microbes, chemicals, helps to waterproof skin.

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7
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize melanin; responsible for skin color; absorbs ultraviolet radiation to protect skin from damaging effects of sunlight.

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8
Q

merkel cells

A

tough receptors that join with sensory neurons to form merkel discs.

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9
Q

structure of Stratum spinosum

A

several layers of keratinocytes; that can change shape. (dendritic cells)

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10
Q

Function of Stratum spinosum

A

skin preparations for microscope slides where keratinocytes shrink and pull apart, except where attached by desmosomes gives the layer “spiny” appearance.

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11
Q

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

macrophages that arise in bone marrow and migrate to epidermis to protect body against microbes that invade skin; source of nutrients.

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12
Q

Structure of Stratum ganulosum.

A

keratinocytes that contain dark-staining granules of protein that eventually become keratin.

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13
Q

Function of Stratum Ganulosum.

A

The keratinocytes flatten, then nucleus and organelles disintegrate and granules of keratin accumulate in cytoplasm. keratinocytes die and release waterproofing glycolipids that form barrier between stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. outer limit for diffusion of substances.

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14
Q

Structure of stratum lucidum

A

thin, translucent layer of dead cells found only in thick skin.

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15
Q

Structure of stratum corneum

A

up to 30 layers of dead, scaly keratinized cells and makes up about 75% of thickness of epidermis.

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16
Q

Function of stratum corneum

A

30-40 days to migrate to skin surface and exfoliate as dander; most household dust is dander that does not get eliminated; provides food for dust mites; can cause thickened callus to form.

17
Q

Composition of Dermis layer

A

connective tissue comprised mainly of collagen fibers, elastic fiber, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages are also present.

18
Q

Papillary layer

A

superficial zone of areolar connective tissue containing elastic fibers. contains capillaries, touch receptors numerous free nerve endings.

19
Q

Reticular layer

A

deep zone of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen bundles. Adipocytes, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands ducts of sweat glands.

20
Q

Functions of reticular layer

A

the collagen and elastic fibers provide strength, extensible and elasticity.

21
Q

Structure of Hypodermis

A

areolar connective and adipose tissue.

22
Q

Function of Hypodermis

A

binds skin to under lying tissue cushions body, provides thermal insulation, stores energy.

23
Q

How is the blood supply involved in the hypodermis?

A

numerous blood vessels supply skin with oxygen and nutrients and provides pathway for rapid absorption of drugs and/or medicines in the blood stream.

24
Q

How is skin color determined?

A

by genes that control the interaction of melanin, carotene, hemoglobin.

25
Q

Melanin

A

produces variations in skin color that range from pale yellow to black. if exposure to UV radiation in sunlight melanocytes stimuli the increase in melanin.

26
Q

Carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum or sub-cutaneous fat, which gives the skin a yellowish tint. (asian decent)

27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

small amounts of melanin and carotene make epidermis become translucent. blood becomes visible, which produces the pinkish flesh that are typical in Caucasians.

28
Q

Erythema

A

abnormal redness due to the dilation of dermal blood vessels during strenuous exercise or heat or anger or embarrassment.

29
Q

Cyanosis

A

blueness of the skin due to insufficient oxygen in the blood because of airway obstructions or lung disease or cold weather.

30
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood because the liver is unable to dipose of the excess bilirubin.

31
Q

Pallor

A

pale skin due to reduced dermal blood flow because of low blood pressure or shock or anemia or emotional stress.

32
Q

Albinism

A

genetic defect that results in a lack of the amino acid tyrosine, which blocks the synthesis of melanin and produces pale skin, white hair, and pink eyes.

33
Q

Hematoma

A

visible blood clot caused by trauma to the skin produces a bruise. Hemangiomas= “birthmarks”