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Neurology > Structure of the Nervous System (Cranial Nerves) > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System (Cranial Nerves) Flashcards

1
Q

What components is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What are the 3 major brain regions?

A

Forebrain:

  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon

Brainstem:

  • Medulla
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata

Cerebellum

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3
Q

What anatomical references are used to identify portions of the brain?

A

Dorsal (top half) and ventral (bottom half) curves along the body as we are bipedal - same as inferior and superior

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4
Q

How do we describe features in relation to the midline?

A

Ipsilateral is same side of midline

Contralateral is on different sides of the midline

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5
Q

What is an afferent?

A

where the neuron is projecting to

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6
Q

What is an efferent?

A

where the neuron is projecting from

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7
Q

Give an example of an efferent and afferent

A

A neuron projecting from the thalamus to the cortex is both a thalamic efferent and cortical afferent

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8
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 bilateral cranial nerves (a pair of each nerve - one on either side)
Numbered from anterior to posterior

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9
Q

Describe the efferent and afferent fibres of the cranial nerves

A

Afferent sensory fibres - sensory information from periphery to brain

Efferent motor fibres - motor instructions from brain to periphery

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10
Q

Outline the 12 cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory I
  2. Optic II
  3. Oculomotor III
  4. Trochlear IV
  5. Trigeminal V
  6. Abducens VI
  7. Facial VII
  8. Vestibulocochlear VIII
  9. Glossopharyngeal IX
  10. Vagus X
  11. Accessory XI
  12. Hypoglossal XII

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet A H

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11
Q

What is the role of the olfactory nerve CN1?

A

purely sensory - olfaction (smell)

olfactory epithelium sends signal to olfactory bulb which outputs to:

Hippocampus
- odour memory

Hypothalamus Amygdala
- motivational and emotional aspects of smell

Olfactory Cortex
- conscious perception of smell

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12
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve CN2?

A

purely sensory - vision

carries info from retinal ganglion (rods/cone cells) to lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus which projects to the visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Palpebrae muscles - controlled by CN II for eyelid opening

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13
Q

What are the roles of the 3, 4, and 6 cranial nerves??

A

Occulomotor, trochlear and abducens
Motor - eyeball and eyelid movement

Parasympathetic - pupillary constriction and accomodation

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14
Q

Outline the eyeball movements mediated via cn3?

A

CN3 mediates eyeball movement up & down via superior/inferior rectus muscles
Also mediates downward & outward movement via inferior oblique muscle, inward movement via medial rectus

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15
Q

What eye movements is cn4 responsible for?

A

CN4 moves eye upwards & inwards via superior oblique

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16
Q

What is the role of cn6 in eye movements?

A

CN6 moves eye laterally via lateral rectus muscle

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17
Q

Explain which muscles are involved in moving the eye side to side

A

To move eye outwards and back in again, need more than just relaxation of lateral rectus
Medial rectus has to contract also to pull eye in

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18
Q

How can we assess cranial nerve function affecting a patients vision?

A

To test CN for someone’s vision we ask patient to move eye, up, down, side to side, and to corners to figure out which cranial nerve is causing the problem

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19
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve cn5?

A

Face sensation

Trigeminal nerve receives somatosensory input from the 3 facial regions:

  • Ophthalmic
  • Maxillary
  • Mandibular

Input travels from (periphery) each of the three regions via the trigeminal nerve efferent to the somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

What is the role of the facial nerve CN7?

A

sensory - sensations of taste from ant. 2/3 of tongue

Motor - muscles for facial expression and stapedius muscle

Parasympathetic - salivary, lacrimal, nose and palate gland secretions

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21
Q

What is the stapedius muscle function?

A

Stapedius muscle is smallest in the body - contracts to block out certain noises

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22
Q

What does the Cn8 vestibulocochlear nerve regulate?

A

Gets sensory info to mediate hearing and balance

23
Q

How does vestibulocochlear nerve mediate hearing?

A

via cochlea cells signalling to medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus which signals to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe via cn8

24
Q

How is balance regulated via the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

via vestibular hair cells send sensory info to ventral postereolateral nucleus in thalamus which signals to the vestibular cortex in temporal lobe
via cn8

25
Q

What is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve CN9?

A

sensory - pharynx, auditory tube + middle ear, posterior
3rd of tongue, aortic BP changes

motor - swallowing

parasympathetic - salivary glands

26
Q

Outline the functions of the vagus nerve CN10

A

vasovagal response mediated by vagus nerve

sensory - sensation of pain associated with viscera

motor - muscles for speech and swallowing

parasympathetic - smooth muscle in heart, lungs + abdominal organs

27
Q

What is the function of the accessory nerve?

A

motor info

cranial - muscles of the pharynx, larynx and soft palate

spinal - head + neck muscles

28
Q

What is the role of the hypoglossal nerve CN11?

A

motor info

tongue movement for swallowing and speech

29
Q

What is the meninges?

A

membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord composed of 3 layers

30
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the meninges?

A

Dura mater:
- Tough, in-elastic

Arachnoid Membrane
- Adheres layers together, anchors

Pia Mater:
- Thin membrane, adheres closely to the brain

31
Q

What is in the subarachnoid space?

A

The sub arachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

32
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

CSF is made in the Choroid Plexus

33
Q

How does CSF enter the subarachnoid spaces?

A

CSF flows from the cerebrum ventricles down to the brainstem and spinal cord

CSF enters the subarachnoid space via apertures near the cerebellum

34
Q

What are apertures?

A

an opening, hole, or gap

35
Q

What happens to the CSF in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF is absorbed by blood vessels in the subarachnoid space

36
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

CSF protects the brain from physical and chemical injury

Regulates intracranial pressure

Essential in exchanging nutrients and waste products between the blood and the CNS

37
Q

Describe the cerebrovasculature

A

Two pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain:
The vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries

Branches from the arteries supply blood throughout the brain

38
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

They also form an interconnected structure called the circle of Willis - vulnerable to stroke due to turbulent blood flow in this area
→ v. dangerous to have blood clot as will block blood supply to other brain regions

39
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral cerebrum surface?

A

Most of the lateral surface of the cerebrum is supplied by the middle cerebral artery

40
Q

What supplies the medial cerebral surface?

A

Most of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery

41
Q

What is the role of lymphatics in the brain?

A

Delivers immune cells to fight infection

42
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Lies posteriorly
Involved in visual processing
e.g. colour, orientation, motion

43
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A

Superiorly located

sensory processing and proprioception

44
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Anterior portion of brain invloved in:

  • decision making
  • attention
  • consciousness
  • emotions
  • deliberate movement
45
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

Lies laterally involved in language, speech and auditory processing

46
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A thick band of nerve fibres dividing cerebral cortex lobes into left and right hemispheres allowing info to be passed between them

47
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

memory formation and retrieval

48
Q

What is the function of basal ganglia?

A

collection of nuclei (SCN, STN etc.) in the diencephalon involved in movement, balance and posture

49
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Region within diencephalon with over 40 different nuclei

multi-modal functions

50
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Collection of small nuclei regulating:

  • temperature
  • hunger/thirst
  • neuroendocrine control
  • circadian rhythms
  • BP/HR
51
Q

Outline the homeostatic functions of the brainstem

A
  • breathing
  • HR
  • BP
52
Q

What are the motor movements regulated via the brainstem?

A

Reflexes

Fine motor movements of limbs and face in conjunction with cortex

53
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

movement precision and coordination

Neurology (20 decks)

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