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PSYC 211 > Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How much of blood flow does the brain receive?

A

20%

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2
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

A clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

neuraxis

A

An imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain.

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4
Q

anterior

A

With respect to the central nervous system, located near or toward the head.

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5
Q

posterior

A

With respect to the central nervous system, located near or toward the tail.

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6
Q

rostral

A

“Toward the beak”; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face

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7
Q

caudal

A

“Toward the tail”; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face.

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8
Q

dorsal

A

“Toward the back”; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direc- tion perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or the back.

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9
Q

ventral

A

“Toward the belly”; with respect to the central nervous system, in a direc- tion perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body.

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10
Q

lateral

A

Toward the side of the body, away from the middle.

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11
Q

medial

A

Toward the middle of the body, away from the side.

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12
Q

ipsilateral

A

Located on the same side of the body.

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13
Q

contralateral

A

Located on the opposite side of the body.

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14
Q

cross section

A

With respect to the central nervous system, a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis.

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15
Q

frontal section

A

A slice through the brain parallel to the forehead.

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16
Q

horizontal section

A

A slice through the brain parallel to the ground.

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17
Q

sagittal section

A

A slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground.

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18
Q

midsagittal plane

A

The plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves.

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19
Q

meninges

A

The three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater.

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20
Q

dura mater

A

The outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible.

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21
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

The middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater (beneath) and inner pia mater. Soft and spongey. Weblike.

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22
Q

pia mater

A

The layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate.
The smaller surface blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord are contained within this layer.

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23
Q

subarachnoid space

A

The fluid-filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

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24
Q

meninges in PNS

A
  • covered in two layers

- no arachnoid membrane

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25
Q

ventricle

A

One of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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26
Q

lateral ventricle

A

One of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon. Largest chamber

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27
Q

third ventricle

A

The ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon.

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28
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

A narrow tube inter- connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon.

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29
Q

fourth ventricle

A

The ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon.

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30
Q

Function of ventricles

A

produce and contain CSF

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31
Q

choroid plexus

A

The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.

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32
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

Small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply.

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33
Q

weight of human brain vs. net weight in fluid

A

1400 g vs. 80 g

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34
Q

Purpose of the CSF

A

reduced pressure on base of brain & reduces shock to CNS caused by sudden head movement

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35
Q

forebrain

A

The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon.

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36
Q

Subdivisions of brain

A 
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
Mesencephalon (tectum, tegmentum)
Metencephalon (cerebellum, pons)
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
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37
Q

Telencephalon

A

includes most of cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)

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38
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

One of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex.

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39
Q

cerebrum

A

Consists of the two cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

subcortical region

A

The region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface.

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41
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • surrounds the cerebral hemispheres
  • consists of sulci(groove), fissures, gyri(convolution)
  • referred as gray matter (because of so many cell bodies)
  • under cerebral cortex is white matter (axons/large concentration of myelin)
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42
Q

Why is the brain not soft but with convolutions?

A
  • triples surface area of cerebral cortex (2360 cm2 / 2.5 ft2) (thickness ~ 3mm)
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43
Q

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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44
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

Three areas of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the sensory organs.

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45
Q

primary visual cortex

A

receives visual information, is located in the occipital lobe , primarily on the upper and lower banks of the calcarine fissure

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46
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

receives auditory information, is located in the temporal lobes, on the lower surface of the lateral fissure

47
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives info from body senses, located on vertical strip of cortex just caudal to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe
- base + insular cortex –> taste

48
Q

Which sensory information is not sent contralaterally?

A

olfaction (smell) & gustation (taste)

49
Q

Rostral region functions

A

movement related activities, like planning and executing behaviour

50
Q

Caudal region functions

A

perceiving and learning

51
Q

sensory association cortex

A

Those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of the primary sensory cortex.

52
Q

Damage to sensory association cortex

A

deficits are related to somatosensation and to the environment in general
- difficulty perceiving and understanding and remembering sensory stimuli

53
Q

primary motor cortex

A

The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles.

54
Q

motor association cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex. Controls primary motor cortex (behaviour)

55
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex; involved in formulating plans and strategies

56
Q

Left hemisphere

A
  • analysis of info
  • recognizing serial events + controlling sequences of behaviour
  • verbal activities (talking and understanding speech), reading, and writing
57
Q

Right hemisphere

A
  • synthesis
  • putting isolated elements together and perceiving things as a whole
  • drawing, reading maps, contruction
58
Q

corpus callosum

A

A large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain.

59
Q

limbic cortex

A

Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge (“limbus”) of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system.

60
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemi- spheres, just above the corpus callosum.

61
Q

limbic system

A

A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles.

62
Q

hippocampus

A

A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system. Involved in learning and memory

63
Q

amygdala

A

A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, contain- ing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system.
- involved in emotions: feelings and expressions of emotions, emotional memories, and recognition of the signs of emotions in other people

64
Q

fornix

A

Afiberbundlethatconnectsthe hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system.

65
Q

mammillary bodies

A

A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system.

66
Q

basal ganglia

A

A group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen; important parts of the motor system.

67
Q

Major parts of basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus

68
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

caused by degeneration of neurons located in midbrain that send axons to caudate nucleus and putamen of basal ganglia

69
Q

Diencephalon

A

surrounds third ventricle

70
Q

thalamus

A

The largest portion of the di- encephalon, located above the hypothala- mus; contains nuclei that project informa- tion to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it.

71
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus that receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex.

72
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

A group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex.

73
Q

ventrolateral nucleus

A

A nucleus of the thalamus that receives input from the cer- ebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex.

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

he group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus; involved in regulation of the au- tonomic nervous system, control of the an- terior and posterior pituitary glands, and integration of species-typical behaviors.

75
Q

optic chiasm

A

An X-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.

76
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

The anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones.

77
Q

neurosecretory cell

A

A neuron that secretes a hormone or hormonelike substance.

78
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

The posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus. (oxytocin and vasopressin)

79
Q

tectum

A

The dorsal part of the midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculi.

80
Q

superior colliculi

A

Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system.

81
Q

inferior colliculi

A

Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system.

82
Q

tegmentum

A

The ventral part of the mid- brain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra.

83
Q

reticular formation

A

A large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon.
Receives sensory information by means of various pathways and projects axons to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and spinal cord. It plays a role in sleep and arousal, attention, muscle tone, movement, and various vital reflexes.

84
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

The region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors.

85
Q

red nucleus

A

A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives input from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord.

86
Q

substantia nigra

A

A darkly stained re- gion of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia.

87
Q

hindbrain

A

The most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the metencephalon and myelencephalon.

88
Q

cerebellum

A

A major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; an important component of the motor system.

89
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

The cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum.

90
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain.

91
Q

pons

A

The region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the mid- brain, and ventral to the cerebellum. Important for sleep and arousal.

92
Q

medulla oblongata

A

The most caudal portion of the brain; located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord.
- Part of the reticular formation, including nuclei that control vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone.

93
Q

spinal root

A

A bundle of axons surround- ed by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve.

94
Q

cauda equina

A

A bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord.

95
Q

caudal block

A

The anesthesia and paraly- sis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina.

96
Q

dorsal root

A

The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers.

97
Q

ventral root

A

The spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers.

98
Q

where are white and gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

white matter is on the outside and gray matter is on the inside

99
Q

cranial nerves

A

A peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain.

100
Q

vagus nerve

A

The largest of the 12 cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. (nerve 10)

101
Q

olfactory bulb

A

The protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors.

102
Q

spinal nerve

A

A peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord.

103
Q

afferent axon

A

An axon directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information.

104
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

A nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons.

105
Q

efferent axon

A

An axon directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands.

106
Q

somatic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that con- trols the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system.

107
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions.

108
Q

sympathetic division

A

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy.

109
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

110
Q

sympathetic ganglion chain

A

One of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column.

111
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

The efferent neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia.

112
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with their target organ.

113
Q

parasympathetic division

A

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state.

PSYC 211 (4 decks)

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