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PSYC 211 > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior.

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2
Q

drugs

A

An exogenous chemical not neces- sary for normal cellular functioning that significantly alters the functions of certain cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses.

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3
Q

drug effects

A

Observable changes in an individual’s physiology and/or behavior.

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4
Q

sites of action

A

The locations where drug molecules interact with molecules on or in cells to affect biochemical processes.

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5
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.

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6
Q

intravenous (IV) injection

A

Injection of a substance directly into a vein.

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7
Q

intraperitoneal (IP) injection

A

Injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity—the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.

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8
Q

intramuscular (IM) injection

A

Injection of a substance into a muscle.

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9
Q

subcutaneous (SC) injection

A

Injection of a substance into the space beneath

the skin.

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10
Q

oral administration

A

Administration of a substance into the mouth so that it is swallowed. (doesn’t work for things like insulin)

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11
Q

sublingual administration

A

Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue. (ex: drugs to treat migraines)

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12
Q

inhalation

A

Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs. (very quick effect)

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13
Q

topical administration

A

Administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membrane. (steroid hormones/nicotine)

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14
Q

insufflation

A

Administration of a sub- stance by sniffing or snorting; drug is absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nose.

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15
Q

lipid solubility

A

The ability of fat-based molecules to pass through cell membranes.

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16
Q

if a substance is more lipid soluble, what happens in terms of rate of effect?

A

It is much faster acting (ex: heroin is faster than morphine)

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17
Q

Metabolism and excretion of drugs

A
  • metabolized + deactivated by enzymes (liver plays active role, also in blood, sometimes brain)
  • excreted (primarily through kidneys)
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18
Q

dose-response curve

A

A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a func- tion of the amount of drug administered.

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19
Q

therapeutic index

A

The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50 percent of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50 percent of the animals.

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20
Q

why do drugs vary in effectiveness?

A
  • may have different sites of action

- the affinity of the drug with its site of action is different

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21
Q

affinity

A

The readiness with which two molecules join together.

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22
Q

tolerance

A

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.

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23
Q

sensitization

A

An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.

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24
Q

withdrawal symptom

A

The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken.

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25
Q

physical dependence

A

Compensatory changes following repeated use of a drug that result in withdrawal symptoms when the drug is no longer taken.

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26
Q

compensatory mechanism that accompany repeated drug use

A
  • decrease of effectiveness of binding (receptors less sensitive, decreased affinity, less receptors aka receptor downregulation)
  • one or more steps in the coupling process becomes less effective
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27
Q

placebo

A

An inert substance that is given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug.

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28
Q

antagonist

A

A drug that opposes

or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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29
Q

agonist

A

A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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30
Q

sequence of synaptic activity

A
  1. Neurotransmitters are synthesized and stored in synaptic vesicles
  2. synaptic vesicles travel to the presynaptic membrane and are docked
  3. axon fires –> entry of calcium ions
  4. calcium interacts with docking protein + neurotransmitters are released
  5. bind to postsynaptic receptors –> changes in processes or opening of ion channels –> IPSP/EPSP
  6. reuptake/enzyme deactivation/presynaptic auto receptors
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31
Q

how can drugs increase/decrease neurotransmitter synthesis?

A

increased: administration of precursor (they synthesize neurotransmitters)
decreased: inactivation of enzymes that control neurotransmitters

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32
Q

how can drugs increase/decrease neurotransmitter storage/release?

A

decrease: blocking of transporter molecules that fill synaptic vesicles OR deactivating protein that cause vesicles to fuse with membrane
increase: bind with proteins to release neurotransmitters

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33
Q

effects of drugs on postsynaptic receptors

A
  • direct agonist

- receptor blockers/direct antagonist

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34
Q

effects of drugs on presynaptic receptors

A
  • agonist: block presynaptic auto receptors

- antagonist: activate presynaptic receptors

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35
Q

direct agonist

A

A drug that binds with and activates a receptor.

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36
Q

receptor blocker/direct antagonist

A

A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor.

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37
Q

noncompetitive binding

A

Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand.

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38
Q

indirect antagonist

A

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand.

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39
Q

indirect agonist

A

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor; does not inter- fere with the binding site for the principal ligand.

40
Q

effects on reuptake/destruction of neurotransmitters

A
  • inactivate molecules responsible for reuptake
  • bind with enzyme responsible for deactivation (ex: acetylcholinesterase which destroys acetylcholine)
  • -> agonists
41
Q

glutamate

A

An amino acid; the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

42
Q

vesicle glutamate transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicle membrane that pump gluta- mate into a vesicle.

43
Q

four major types of glutamate receptors

A
  • NMDA receptor
  • AMPA receptor
  • kainate receptor
  • metabotropic glutamate receptor
44
Q

NMDA receptor

A

A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2 + ions; has several other binding sites.

45
Q

AMPA receptor

A

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA.

46
Q

kainate receptor

A

An iono- tropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid.

47
Q

PCP

A

Phencyclidine; a drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA recep- tor and serves as an indirect antagonist.

48
Q

ketamine

A

A drug that binds with a non- competitive binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist.

49
Q

excitatory amino acid transporters

A

Proteins that remove glutamate (and other excitatory amino acids) from the synapse.

50
Q

glutamine synthase

A

Enzyme that breaks down glutamate into its precursor glutamine.

51
Q

glutamate excitotoxicity

A

Too much glutamate stimulation in the synapse, damages neurons by prolonged overexcitation

52
Q

GABA

A

An amino acid; the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

53
Q

vesicle GABA transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicle membrane that pump GABA into a vesicle.

54
Q

abnormality in biochemistry of GABA-secreting neurons

A

causes seizures, because no inhibition

55
Q

GABAA receptors

A
  • contain at least five different binding site

- ionotropic and control chloride channels

56
Q

GABA transporter

A

Proteins that remove GABA from the synapse.

57
Q

ACh pathways and function

A
  • dorsolateral pons: REM sleep
  • basal forebrain: activate cerebral cortex and facilitates learning (esp perceptual)
  • medial septum: electrical rhythms of hippocampus and modulate functions (like formation of memories)
58
Q

choline acetyltransferase

A

The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

59
Q

vesicle ACh transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicle membrane that pump acetylcholine into a vesicle.

60
Q

botulinum toxin

A

An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons.

61
Q

nicotine

A

An agonist for the ionotropic acetylcholine receptor. (PNS and a little in CNS)

62
Q

muscarine

A

An agonist for the metabotropic acetylcholine receptor (CNS)

63
Q

neostigmine

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase.

- treat myasthenia gravis (attacks ACh receptor on skeletal muscles)

64
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

deactivates ACh

65
Q

monoamine

A

A class of amines that includes indolamines, such as serotonin, and catecholamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epineph- rine.

66
Q

catecholamine

A

A class of amines that includes the neu- rotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

67
Q

dopamine (DA)

A

A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines. Produces IPSP and EPSPs.
Implicated in movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abuse drugs

68
Q

Most important dopamine pathways location

A

Midbrain: substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area

69
Q

nigrostriatal system

A

A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen).
- control of movements

70
Q

mesolimbic system

A

A system of dopaminergic neurons originat- ing in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus.
- reinforcement (reward)

71
Q

mesocortical system

A

A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex.
- short term memories, planning, strategies for problem solving

72
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements; caused by de- generation of the nigrostriatal system.

73
Q

melanin

A

produced by breakdown of dopamine, reason why substantial nigra is stained black

74
Q

L-DOPA

A

The levorotatory form of DOPA; the precursor of the catecholamines; often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist.

75
Q

Synthesis of the Catecholamines

A

Tyrosine –> L-DOPA –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine

76
Q

vesicle monoamine transporter

A

Proteins in the vesicle membrane that pump monoamine neurotransmitters into a vesicle.

77
Q

apomorphine

A

A drug that blocks dopamine autoreceptors at low doses; at higher doses, blocks post- synaptic receptors as well.

78
Q

Drugs that inhibit reuptake of dopamine

A

amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and methylphenidate (Ritalin)

79
Q

amphetamine & methamphetamine

A

Antagonists at dopamine and norepinephrine transporters that causes them to run in reverse, releasing these neurotransmitters into the synapse.

80
Q

Cocaine

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine. Also blocks sodium channels & used as topical anesthetic.

81
Q

methylphenidate

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine. Used to enhance attention and impulse control in ADHD.

82
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

83
Q

Norepinephrine

A

One of the catecholamines; a neu- rotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

  • Found in both CNS & PNS
  • Most important system begins in locus coeruleus
  • increase in vigilance
84
Q

epinephrine

A

One of the catecholamines; a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; serves also as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

85
Q

locus coeruleus

A

A dark- colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

86
Q

axonal varicosity

A

An enlarged region along the length of an axon that contains synaptic vesicles and releases a neu- rotransmitter or neuromodulator. (norepinephrine & serotonin)

87
Q

norepinephrine receptors

A

alpha 1 and 2 adrenergic receptors

beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptors

88
Q

norepinephrine transporter

A

Proteins that remove norepinephrine from the synapse.

89
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A

An indolamine neurotransmitter; also called 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Regulation of mood, control of eating, sleeping, arousal, pain, dreaming
in dorsal and medial raphe nuclei

90
Q

Synthesis of

Serotonin

A

Tryptophan –> 5-HTP –> 5-HT

91
Q

Serotonin receptors

A
  • 9 different

- one ionotropic: 5-HT3 (controls chloride channels/IPSPs) play role in nausea and vomitting

92
Q

serotonin transporter

A

Proteins that remove serotonin from the synapse.

93
Q

fluoxetine

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT.

94
Q

MDMA

A

A drug that serves as a norad- renergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as “ecstasy”; has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects.

95
Q

histamine

A

A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in stimulating wakefulness. Located in tuberomammillary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus.

96
Q

histamine receptors

A

4: H1-H4

97
Q

diphenhydramine

A

An antihistamine drug; antagonist at histamine receptors.

PSYC 211 (4 decks)

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