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Male and female infertility > structure of ovary and follicle > Flashcards

structure of ovary and follicle Flashcards

1
Q

Which artery do the ovarian arteries branch off of?

At what level?

A

–abdominal aorta at the level of the renal arteries

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2
Q

between which vessels are there anastomoses?
Where do the uterine and vaginal arteries originate from?
What’s the physiological consequence of the anastomoses?

A

uterine artery and vaginal artery

internal iliac

enables coordination of physiological and histological changes in menstrual cycle

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3
Q

Where would you find the oogoniaa?
What is the medulla an embryonic remnant of?
What cells are present in the cortex? In the medulla?

A

Cortex

Wolffian duct

cortex - stromal cells, gametes
medulla - stromal cells, mesenchymal cells

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4
Q

Development of follicles

At what stage does it stop until puberty?

A

primordial follicle

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5
Q

What 3 cell types are present in the cortex?

What happens to the PGC?
What happens to the stromal cells?

A
  1. epithelial cell lining
  2. stromal cells
  3. PGCs, oogonia

PCGs - mitotic division
stromal cells - proliferate and cluster around oogonia

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6
Q

What happens to the oogonia during the 2nd trimester?

What stage of meiosis do they freeze at? What is the oogonia now called?

A

-cease mitotic division, increase in size and enter 1st meiotic division

remain at prophase

now called primary oocytes

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7
Q

Describe atresia

A

degeneration or germ cell loss

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8
Q

What are primordial follicles made of?
What are the granulosa cells?
What will the stromal cells do later to the primordial follicle?

A

single layer of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte

  • mesenchymal cells
  • do the second wrap
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9
Q

What are LH and FSH responsible for in the female?

A

FSH – development and maturation of oocytes

LH – ovulation and lutenization, and progesterone production

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10
Q

In the menstrual cycle, when do FSH and LH peak?
When does progesterone start being at high levels?
Oestradiol – How does the release of LH affect it?

A

at ovulation

after LH surge (after ovulation) and luteal phase

cause small drop in oestradiol

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11
Q

What’s the hormone that triggers the 2nd half of the development of oocytes?
When does this start from? (at what stage of life)

A
  • high FSH

- primary follicles

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12
Q

When the hormone FSH is released, how many primordial follicles ‘wake up’?
What changes do they undergo?
Between what cells does the zona pellucida form?

A

30-40

enlargement of oocyte
proliferation granulosa cells (cuboidal)
multilayering of granulosa cells
formation of zona pellucida

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13
Q

What’s the significance of the zona pellucida?
What are the gap junctions? What do they allow?
What maintains the meiotic arrest of the oocyte?

A
  • protection and avoidance of polyspermy
  • allow passage of nutrients
  • cAMP
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14
Q

What happens when the follicle becomes a secondary follicle?
What do the ^ contain?
What are the 2 layers formed by stromal cells?
What is secreted by the 2 layers(^)? What’s secreted by the granulosa cells?

A

granulosa cells proliferate

antral cavities rich in hyaluronic acid appear

stromal cells condense = theca interna and externa

thecal cells produce androgens
granulosa cells produce oestrogen

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15
Q

At the tertiary follicle stage: What happens to all the antral cavities?
What’s the cumulus oophorus?
What happens to oestrogen?
What receptors are starting to be expressed on Granulosa cells?

A

–form a large antrum

–oocyte is separated from follicle fluid by granulosa cells

–increase in oestrogen secretion

–LH receptors

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16
Q

What triggers a surge of LH in the pre-ovulatory follicle?
What does LH do?
At what stage is meiosis arrested in at the stage of pre-ovulatory follicle?

When the oocyte breaks free from the follicle wall, what does it take with it? Where does it go?
Pain and bleeding may occur T/F?

A

–increased oestrogen

–induces Oocyte to come out of arrest and complete meiosis

–Haploid gamete (secondary oocyte) and a small polar body (first polar body) at metaphase II

–some granulosa cells at goes to peritoneal cavity = corona radiata

TRUE

17
Q

After expulsion of the oocyte, what happens to the follicle?
What hormone(s) are being produced?
What is lutenization?

A

the remaining follicle is called the corpus luteum

LH and progesterone

granulosa cells which fill up with yellow lipid

18
Q

If not fertilisation occurs, what happens to the corpus luteum?

What hormone level drops to signal the next menstrual cycle?
In what circumstances would the CL persist? Why?

A

becomes an acellular corpus albicans (10-12 days)

progesterone

A second LH surge is required to extend the life of corpus luteum and this occurs in pregnancy.

19
Q

If fertilisation occurs, what hormone is produced?
What does this hormone do?
By what month does the uterus take over the CL of pregnancy’s job?

A

hCG

signals ant pit to produce LH

fourth month of pregnancy

20
Q

What layer of the endometrium is shed during mensturation? What replaces it?

A

stratum functionale

stratum basale

21
Q

In relation to the oocyte, when does the proliferative and secretory phases of the endometrium occur?

A

7-24 days?

22
Q

How would you distinguish the proliferative phase of the endometrium histologically?
What 3 things does oestrogen stimulate in the endometrium?
What is the stratum functionale rich in?

A

tubular cross sections - proliferative phase

  1. mitotic activity
  2. increases thickness
  3. increase length of spiral aa

uterine glands and blood vessels

23
Q

Histologically, what happens to the uterine glands?

What hormone is responsible?

A

white glands

progesterone

24
Q

What’s present on surface epithelial cells. What also happens to them?
Secretory phase is the best time for implantation T/F?
How long is the implantation window?

A

microvilli and negative charge

surface change to attach egg

FALSE - receptive phase
5-7 days

25
Q

By what process is the functional endometrium stripped off?

Degradation of the CL – what 2 hormones are shut off?

A

degeneration of corpus luteum

progesterone and oestrogen

26
Q

What is amenorrhoea? Menorrhagia? Dysmenorrhoea? Post-menopausal bleeding?

A

Amenorrhoea – absence of menstruation.
Menorrhagia – excessive bleeding
Dysmenorrhoea – excessive pain-
Post-menopausal bleeding- important symptom of malignant disease

Male and female infertility (4 decks)

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