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Male and female infertility > Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Where does spermatogenesis happen?

A

scrotal sac

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2
Q

What tube connect epididymis to the body?

A

vas deferens

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the urethra?

A

prostatic
membranous
penile

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4
Q

What are the 4 functional areas of the male reproductive system, and what do they do?

A

penis - intromission of spermatozoa suspension
testes - protuctions and temporary storage of spermatozoa. synthesis and secretion of testosterone, oestrogen, activin, inhibin, oxytocin
secretory glands - seminal fluids and nutrients to nourish spermatozoa
ductal system - carriage of spermatozoa to exterior, maturation of spermatozoa

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5
Q

At what month of gestation do the testes descend out of the body?

A

7th month

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6
Q

What are the 4 layers of the testis?

A

skin
dartos muscle
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea

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7
Q

What divides the testis into lobules?

A

fibrous septa

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8
Q

Where is the potential space in the testis?

A

between vaginalis and albuginea

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9
Q

What characteristic identifies the seminiferous tubules?(ST)
What separates each ST?
What cells present in the basement membrane?

A

germinal

separated by basement membrane

myoid cells in basement membrane

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10
Q

Which are the endocrine and germinal parts of the testis?

A

germinal - seminiferous tubules

endocrine - interstitual space - secrete hormones

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11
Q

What/where are Leydig cells?

What hormone stimulates them? What’s made as a result?

A

found in extra-tubular compartment (interstitual spaces) between sminiferous tubules

stimulates testosterone and oxytocin using LH receptors

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12
Q

What are the 5 ‘stages’ of the germinal cells?

A 
spermatogonia 
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes 
speratids
spermatozoa
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13
Q

What forms the blood-testis barrier?
What are the 3 compartments formed as a result?
What happens at each compartment? What kind of cells expected to be found here?

A

–Tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells at baso-lateral location

-- basal compartment (stem cells or spermatogonia) - accessible to protein, sugars, immune cells, lymph system
Adluminal compartment (spermatocytes undergo spermatogenesis)
Luminal compartment (spermatids) - fully formed spermatozoa
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14
Q

Importance of the blood testis barrier:
In terms of movement of solutes, what effect do the tight junctions have?
What can pass through the TJs? Which way?

A

–forbids movement of solutes from basal to adlumenal compartment (to protect vulnerable spermatocytes)

–only unidirectional movement of germ cells are allowed through tight junctions

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15
Q

What do Sertoli cells also do? (in terms of secretion)

A

actively secrete molecules and nutrients into adluminal compartment for developing sperm

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16
Q

Consequences of the blood-testes barrier?

A
  • body can’t elicit an immune reaction and create antibodies against sperm antigens revealed furing spermatogenesis
  • protects the developing spermatocytes from pathogens and mutagens
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17
Q

what are the 3 broad stages of spermatogenesis? Where do each of them take place?

A

.spermatocytogensis (basal compartment)
.meiosis (adlumenal compartment)
.spermiogenesis (lumenal)

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18
Q

Primary spermatocytes: What’s the chromosome count?

What happens to them?

A

4n

undergo meiosis

19
Q

Secondary spermatocytes: What’s the chromosome count?
What does the 2nd meiotic division form?
What takes place afterwards?

A

2n

haploid spermatids

spermiogenesis to create spermatozoa

20
Q

In spermiogenesis: What forms around the nucleus? What does it contain?
What develops at the posterior pole?
Head only contains nucleus – T/F?

A

acrosome

developing flagella/microtubule to make a tail

TRUE

21
Q

Spermatozoa production is cyclical or continuous?

A

CONTINUOUS NOT CYCLICAL

22
Q

How many days for full maturation of spermatozoa?

A

64 days

23
Q

How often do spermatogonia divide in sequence?

Staggered entry?

A

every 16 days

staggered entry of a new initiation before complete maturation

24
Q

What cells co-ordinate the organisation (spatial and temporal) of spermatozoa maturation?

A

sertoli cells

25
Q

HPT-axis: Explain the hormonal control

There are 4 steps, explain them starting from LH

A
  1. LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone which binds to receptors on Sertoli cells.
  2. Testosterone induces receptors for FSH on Sertoli cells.
  3. FSH from pituitary now stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP) which binds & carries testosterone in testicular fluid to the entire ductal system.
  4. Sertoli cells also produce inhibin which is part of a negative feedback loop. It inhibits FSH production by pituitary gland.
26
Q

In high levels of testosterone, what is inhibited?

A

-ve feedback to production of gonadotropins - decrease in LH and FSH

27
Q

Rete testis – what are they?

Epithelia present?

A

–network of channels into which fluid and spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules empty

-simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelial

28
Q

What do rete testis lead to? Where do they go to?
Epithelia types present at ^?
What happens at the epididymis?
Why is there cilia?

A

–into efferent ductules leading to epididymis

–tall ciliated epithelium and non-ciliated cells (to absorb testicular transport fluid)

– maturation of sperm cells

–to propel immobile spermatozoa

29
Q

What happens at the epididymis?
What epithelia type are present?
What do the sterocilia do?
What’s secreted at the epididymis? What’s required for all of this to happen?

A

– Absorption of fluid (concentrates sperm hundredfold) & phagocytosis.

–tall columner epithelium with modified microvilli (stereocillia)

–Secretion of glycoproteins, sialic acid, defensin, glycerolphosphocholine (for maturation of spermatozoa) under influence of testosterone.

30
Q

In what tube do the spermatozoa travel in?
What’s unique about the veins?
What encases the spermatic cord?
What’s the importance of the venous plexus?

A

–vas deferens

–form unusual plexus (pampiniform) around testicular artery

–cremaster muscle

–to cool things down

31
Q

What’s unique about the walls of the veins in the spermatic cord

A

also have muscular walls

32
Q

What are the layers of the vas deferens?
What epithelia cell type is present here?
What do the longitudinal folds create?

A 
-- longitudinal SM (inner)
circular SM (intermediate)
longitudinal SM (outer)

–tall columnar ciliated epithelium

–create stellate lumen

33
Q

What do the mucosal folds of the seminal vesicle do?
What happens at the seminal vesicle?
What does the seminal fluid contain?

A

–create vast SA

–secrete seminal fluid into ejaculatory ducts into prostatic urethra

–fructose, prostaglandins, proteins, aa, alkaline secretions, fibrinogen

34
Q

What is secreted by the prostate gland?

A

citric acid
proteolytic enzymes
clotting enzymes
prostate specific antigen

35
Q

Where does the bulbourethral gland open up into?
What’s secreted here?
Does the fluid come before, during, or after the main emissions?

A

–opens up into membranous urethra

–watery fluid - galactose, sialic acid (lumbricant and neutralist)

–precedes semen during emission

36
Q

What are the 3 bundles of muscle?
Which are erectile? Which are spongy?
Which contains the urethra?

A

2 dorsal cylinders - corpora cavernosa - ERECTILE

ventral cylinder - corpus spongiosum - contains penile urethra - SPONGY

37
Q

What lines the cavernous spaces of the corpus cavernosum?
What separates the cavernous spaces?
What kind of autonomic nerves are present?

A

–lined by vascular endothelium

–trabeculae of SM w extracellular matrix

–unmyelinated AN

38
Q

What do Helicine vessels do?
Where do they arise from?
What cells regulate what they do?
Vascular spaces? What epithelial cell lines them?

A

–supply erectile tissue

–deep arteries

–SM cells

– fill w blood during erection, lined with simple squamous epithelium

39
Q

What’s the main artery supplying the penis?

Which artery leads to the helicine arteries?

A

internal pudendal artery

cavernous (central) aa

40
Q

To which vein does blood from the penis return to?

A

deep dorsal vein

41
Q

What state is the smooth muscle in when the penis is flaccid? When erected?

A

contracts

42
Q

Describe pathway of blood vessels into and out of the corpus cavernosum

A

shunting

low pressure

43
Q

What 4 neurotransmitters are involved? What’s the key one?

A

dopamine
acetylcholine
VIP

NITRIC OXIDE

Male and female infertility (4 decks)

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