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biology - core concepts > structure of nucleotides > Flashcards

structure of nucleotides Flashcards

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1
Q

define purine

A

a double ringed organic nitrogenous base
(adenine, guanine)

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2
Q

define pyramidine

A

a single-ringed organic nitrogenous base
(thymine, cytosine, uracil)

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3
Q

define tRNA

A

transfer RNA
a clover leaf-shaped single RNA strand which transfers specific amino acids to a ribosome in translation

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4
Q

define mRNA

A

messenger RNA
a single stranded RNA molecule which is a copy of one gene formed in transcription

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5
Q

define rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
makes up a ribosome (along with some protein)

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6
Q

define universal energy currency

A

ATP is described as this because it provides energy for many metabolic reactions in all living organisms

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7
Q

define ATP synthase

A

the enzyme that synthesises ATP

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8
Q

define ATPase

A

the enzyme that hydrolyses ATP

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9
Q

define exergeonic

A

a reaction that releases free energy

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10
Q

define endergonic

A

a reaction that requires energy

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11
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

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12
Q

what are nucleotides composed of?

A
  • phosphate group
  • a pentose sugar (deoxyribose sugar or ribose sugar)
  • organic nitrogenous base
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13
Q

what are the two type of organic nitrogenous bases?

A
  • pyramidine
  • purine
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14
Q

what bases are pyramidine and what bases are purine?

A

purine : adenine, guanine
pyramidine : cytosine, thymine, uracil

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15
Q

describe pyrimidine

A

single ring

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16
Q

describe purine

A

double ring

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17
Q

what are the functions of DNA?

A
  • it carries the genetic code for protein synthesis
  • it replicates in dividing cells
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18
Q

why is DNA said to be anti-parallel?

A

the two DNA strands run in opposite directions

19
Q

if the strand finishes on the fifth carbon atom, what is it called?

A

5 prime end

20
Q

what do the two sugar-phosphate ‘backbones’ do?

A

protect the genetic information stored within the sequence of bases which face each other within the double helix.

21
Q

what bond holds the bases together?

A

hydrogen bonds

22
Q

what bases pair together?

A

guanine and cytosine
adenine and thymine

23
Q

what doe RNA stand for?

A

ribose nucleic acid

24
Q

describe RNA

A

a short-lived molecule
found mainly in the cytoplasm of the cell - also found in the nucleus
single stranded polynucleotide

25
Q

what are the four organic nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
  • uracil
26
Q

in what process is RNA involved in?

A

protein synthesis

27
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
28
Q

what is mRNA?

A

single stranded molecule that carries the genetic code for a specific protein from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

29
Q

what is tRNA?

A

this transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome
A single RNA strand forms a clover-leaf shape held together by hydrogen-bonds between certain base pairs

30
Q

what is rRNA?

A

this, together with protein, forms a large complex molecule : a ribosome.
ribosomes translate the genetic code and join amino acids together to form polypeptides

31
Q

state the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA - deoxyribose sugar
RNA - ribose sugar
DNA - adenine, guanine,cytosine, thymine
RNA - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
DNA - double stranded
RNA - single stranded
DNA - longer in length
RNA - shorter in length

32
Q

where is DNA is found?

A

the nucleus bound to histone protein

33
Q

what is protein synthesis?

A

a sequence of DNA nucleotides codes for the sequence of amino acids in one polypepetide chain

34
Q

in how many stages does protein synthesis occur, and what are these stages called?

A

two stages
1. transcription
2. translation

35
Q

describe transcription

A
  • occurs in nucleus
  • DNA is read by enzymes and is used to make single stranded mRNA.
  • this leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
  • this travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum
36
Q

describe translation

A
  • occurs at a ribosome
  • mRNA attatches to the ribosome, and a tRNA molecule brings a specific amino acid
  • ribosomal enzyme catalyse the formation of peptide bonds adjacent amino acid to form the primary structure of a new polypeptide
37
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenine triphosphate

38
Q

what is ATP composed of?

A
  • three phosphate groups
  • a ribose sugar
  • the nitrogenous base adenine
39
Q

what is ATP described as and why?

A

energy currency
BECAUSE…
it is a source of energy for many metabolic reactions in all living organisms

40
Q

what are some uses of ATP?

A
  • muscle contraction for movement
  • synthesis of complex molecules (e.g protein, DNA)
  • active transport
  • nerve impulse transmission
41
Q

how is ATP formed?

A

the enzyme ATP synthase combines ADP and P i in a condensation reaction

this is a endergonic reaction
the addition of this phosphate to ADP is called phosphorylation

42
Q

how is ATP broken down?

A

the enzyme ATPase hydrolyses the terminal phosphate bond releasing a small packet of energy in an exergonic reaction.
this forms ADP and P i

43
Q

what are the advantages of using ATP as an intermediate in providing energy, compared with using glucose directly?

A

ATP - only one enzyme needed to release energy through the breaking of one high energy bond
GLUCOSE - many enzymes needed to release energy
ATP - releases small packets of energy (30.6kJ) where it is needed
GLUCOSE - releases large quantities of energy that may not be needed, generating lots of heat
ATP - common source of energy for different chemical reactions
GLUCOSE - only releases energy through respiration
ATP - easily transported across membrane
GLUCOSE - requires a specific carrier protein for transport across membrane

44
Q

what does tRNA consist of ?

A

hydrogen bonds
amino acid attachment site
anti-codon

biology - core concepts (6 decks)

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