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biology - core concepts > cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

cell structure and organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two equations for magnification?

A

magnification = eyepiece x objective lens
magnification = image size / actual size

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2
Q

what is the nucleus composed of?

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
chromatin
nucleolus

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3
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

to retain the genetic information (DNA) which codes for protein synthesis

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4
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

a double membrane with pores to allow the transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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5
Q

what is the nucleoplasm?

A

cytoplasm-like material within the nucleus which contains chromatin

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6
Q

what is the chromatin?

A

made up of coils of DNA bound to histone protein.
during cell division, the chromatin condensed to form the visible chromosomes

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7
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

within the nucleus are one or more small spherical bodies, each called nucleolus.
they synthesise ribosomal RNA

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8
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

to release energy in the form of ATP during aerobic respiration

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9
Q

what is the mitochondria composed of?

A

double membrane and intermembrane
cristae
matrix

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10
Q

describe the intermembrane

A

mitochondria have a double membrane with a narrow, fluid-filled intermembrane space

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11
Q

what is the cristae?

A

the inner membrane is folded inwards to form extensions called cristae,
the cristae increase the surface are for ATP synthesis to occur

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12
Q

what is the matrix?

A

contains many chemical compounds including lipids proteins small ribosomes and a small circle of DNA to allow self replication in responds to the energy requirements of the cell.w

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13
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

to assemble proteins in protein synthesis

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14
Q

describe the structure of ribosome

A

the small subunit and large subunit of a ribosome are made of RNA and protein

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15
Q

how does the structure of ribosomes help with protein synthesis?

A

protein synthesis (translation) occurs at ribosomes
mRNA from the nucleus fits into the groove between the two subunits and provides the code for a sequence of amino acids

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16
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

they are found free in the cytoplasm
associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

what is the cell membrane also known as?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • phospholipid bilayer
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18
Q

why is it important that the sample must be thin when preparing a microscope slide?

A

to ensure that all structures are 2D, visible and not overlapping

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19
Q

why is it important that the sample should be stained when preparing a microscope slide?

A

to be able to see clear structures visibly

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20
Q

why might staining sometimes be a disadvantages?

A

it can cause misconceptions and organelles are not actually coloured

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21
Q

describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is an internal system of flattened membranous sacs, or cisternae, which are continuous within the nuclear membrane

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22
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum covered in?

A
  • it is covered in ribosomes
  • it gives a dotted appearance and gives it its name
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23
Q

describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is similar in structure to the rough endoplasmic reticulum but has no ribosomes

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24
Q

what is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it is involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids

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25
Q

which type of cells have the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

cells that store large quantities of carbohydrates, protein or fat
e.g liver and secondary cells

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26
Q

what is the golgi body made up of?

A

it is made up of interconnected flattened membranous sacs

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27
Q

define organelle

A

a specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell

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28
Q

define magnification

A

the number of times bigger an image is than the actual size of the object from which it is derived

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29
Q

define chromatin

A

coils of DNA bound to histone protein

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30
Q

define eukaryote

A

organisms made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles, with DNA within the nucleus in the form of chromosomes

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31
Q

define prokaryote

A

single celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles, such as nuclei, wit DNA free in the cytoplasm

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32
Q

define cristae

A

folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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33
Q

define tissue

A

an aggregation of specialised cells carrying out a specific function

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34
Q

define organ

A

an aggregation of several tissues that carry out a specific function for the whole organism

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35
Q

define organ system

A

two or more different organs working together to provide a common function

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36
Q

define organism

A

all the systems of the body working together, make an organism, which is a discrete individual

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37
Q

name 3 specialised plant cells

A

palisade cell
guard cell
root hair cell

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38
Q

name 5 plant tissues

A

xylem
phloem
palisade
spongy mesophyll
upper epidermis

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39
Q

what is the function of the xylem?

A

transport of water and dissolved minerals

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40
Q

what is the function of the phloem?

A

transport of sucrose and amino acids

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41
Q

what is the function of the palisade?

A

photosynthesis

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42
Q

what is the function of the spongy mesophyll?

A

some photosynthesis
provides air space for diffusion of gases in/out of the leaf

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43
Q

what is the function of the upper epidermis?

A

contains cells that are found on the top surface of a leaf ; protected by a waterproof waxy cuticle

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44
Q

name 3 plant organs

A

petal
leaves
stem
roots

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45
Q

what are the 4 primary tissue types in the human body?

A
  1. epithelial tissues
  2. muscle tissues
  3. connective tissue
  4. nerve tissue
46
Q

define epithelial tissue

A

forms a continuous layer, covering or lining the internal and external surfaces of the body

47
Q

how many types of epithelial tissue are there?

A

4

48
Q

what are the names of the types of the epithelial tissue?

A
  1. squamous epithelium
  2. cuboidal epithelium
  3. columnar epithelium
  4. ciliated columnar epithelium
49
Q

describe squamous epithelium

A

flattened cells found lining body cavities, such as the mouth and alveoli

50
Q

describe cuboidal epithelium

A

cube-shaped cells found lining the kidney tubules and ducts of glands

51
Q

describe columnar epithelium

A

elongated column-shaped cells that are found lining the stomach and intestines

52
Q

describe ciliated columnar epithelium

A

column-shaped cells that have fine hair-lik projections (cilia) on the surfcde e.g in the trachea, oviduct

53
Q

describe connective tissue

A

connects and anchors structures and gives strength and support to the body and its organs

54
Q

give an example of a connective tissue

A

collagen

55
Q

what is the function of collagen?

A

forms extracellular fibres that give strength to dense connective tissues such as the tendons and ligaments

56
Q

where is collagen found?

A

tough outer layer of large blood vessels

57
Q

describe muscle tissue

A

nerve impulses bring about muscle contraction, causing the muscle to shorten
as the contraction of the muscle ends, normal muscle length is once again attained

58
Q

what are the 3 examples of muscle tissue?

A

cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle

59
Q

what is the major role of the skeletal system?

A

support

60
Q

what is the major role of the muscular system?

A

movement

61
Q

what is the major role of the circulatory system?

A

transport of gases and nutrients

62
Q

what is the major role of the reproductive system?

A

reproduction

63
Q

what is the major role of the endocrine system?

A

homeostatis

64
Q

what is the major role of the excretory system?

A

removal of waste

65
Q

what is the major role of the digestive system?

A

to breakdown food and absorb nutrients

66
Q

what is the major role of the nervous system?

A

coordination and control

67
Q

what is the major role of the respiratory system?

A

to exchange gases between blood and air

68
Q

what is the major role of the immune system?

A

protection from pathogens

69
Q

define organism

A

all the systems of the body working together to make and organism which is a discrete individual

70
Q

define division of labour

A

the adaptation of different parts of an organism to carry out different functions
the more advanced the organism the greater the division of labour

71
Q

define multicellular

A

organisms consisting of many specialised cells which form tissues and organs, which have various structures and organs

72
Q

define unicellular

A

single celled organisms which carry out all life functions within one cell

73
Q

define differentiation

A

the process by which a stem cell becomes specialised into a specific type of cell

74
Q

name 5 specialised cells in the human body

A
  1. red blood cell
  2. egg cell (ovum)
  3. epithelial cell
  4. nerve cell
  5. sperm cell
75
Q

what are viruses made up of?

A

made up of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
some viruses have DNA while others contains RNA

76
Q

what is the name of the virus that attack bacteria?

A

bacteriophages

77
Q

why are viruses described as acellular?

A

they are not made of cells

78
Q

why can viruses only reproduce inside a host cell?

A
  • they do not have organelles, enzymes, chromosomes or cytoplasm
  • without ribosomes, they cannot carry out protein synthesis
  • without enzymes, they cannot replicate nucleic acid
79
Q

how can viruses be transmitted?

A
  • aerosol
  • insect vectors
  • exchange of bodily fluids
  • bites by parasites
80
Q

give 3 examples of viral infections

A
  1. small pox virus
  2. polio
  3. tobacco mosaic virus
81
Q

how do viruses reproduce inside the host cell?

A

they hijack the host cell’s metabolism
they use the host cell’s organelles and enzymes

82
Q

what structures do both plants and animals have?

A
  • golgi
  • nucleus
  • ribosome
  • mitochondria
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • lysozyme
  • cell membrane
83
Q

what is a chloroplast made up of?

A
  • stroma
  • outer membrane
  • granum
  • thylakoid
  • inner membrane
84
Q

describe stroma

A
  • a colourless, gelatinous matrix
  • contains small ribosomes, circular DNA (for self replication), lipids and starch grains
85
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

flattened sacs in the stroma

86
Q

thylakoids are stacked to form ….

A

grana

87
Q

grana connect to each other by …

A

lamellae

88
Q

what is the function of chloroplast?

A

the site of photosynthesis

89
Q

where is chlorophyll found?

A

within each thylakoid

90
Q

what does the endosymbiotic theory state?

A

organelles such as chloroplast and mitochondria were originally free living prokaryotic cells

91
Q

what are the main functions of the golgi body?

A
  • modifying and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
  • secreting carbohydrates
  • producing glycoprotein
  • transporting and storing lipids
  • forming lysosomes
92
Q

describe lysosomes

A

single membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic ezymes

93
Q

how many functions of lysosomes?

A

2

94
Q

what is the first function of the lysosome?

A

release hydrolytic enzymes when the cell needcs to break down worn-out organelles

95
Q

what is the second function of the lysosome?

A

digest material that has been taken to a cell
e.g lysosomes fuse with the vesicle made when a white blood cell engulfs bacteria, and their enzymes digest the bacteria

96
Q

how are phospholipid molecules arranged?

A

as a bilayer, with one sheet of phospholipid molecules opposite another

97
Q

explain why the hydrophobic tails of both layers point towards the inside of the membrane

A
  • the fatty acid tails are non-polar (hydrophobic) and repel water present in the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
  • the phosphate heads are polar/ hydrophilic and are attracted to the water
98
Q

describe proteins in the membrane

A
  • globular
  • can be foujnd on surface
  • partly embedded (extrinsic)
  • extending completely across both phosophlipid layers (intrinsic)
99
Q

where are carbohydrates found in the membrane?

A

only pointing of the outside of the cell

100
Q

why is the model of the cell membrane called the fluid mosaic model specifically?

A

FLUID : the individual phospholipid molecules and proteins can move freely within a layer relative to one another, this makes the membrane fluid
MOSAIC : randomly distributed protein molecules that vary in shape and size forming a mosaic pattern

101
Q

what is the main function of the cell membrane?

A

to aid transport of certain substances into/out of cell
e.g to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

102
Q

what is the function of phospholipids?

A

forms a selective bilayer that allows non polar or uncharged molecules through but prevents the passage of polar or charged molecules

103
Q

what is the function of extrinsic proteins?

A

associated with one layer only
may act as receptors for hormones

104
Q

what is the function of intrinsic proteins?

A

acts as carriers or channels to allow the passage of charged or polar molecules such as glucose

105
Q

what is the function of glycocalyx?

A

act as cell to cell recognition
e.g white blood cells in an immune response

also important in cell adhesion and acting as receptors

106
Q

what is the function of cholesterol?

A

controls membrane fluidity

107
Q

what is the tonoplast?

A

a single membrane which covers the vacuole

108
Q

describe the cell sap in a vacuole

A

a solution which stores chemicals such as glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins

109
Q

what is the role of the vacuole?

A

supporting soft plant tissues

110
Q

describe centrioles

A

found in animal cells
found outside the nucleus
consists of two rings of microtubules arranged in hollow cylinders positioned at right angles to one another
during cell division, they migrate to opposite poles of the cell and form the spindle

111
Q

describe plasmodesmata

A

narrow pores in the cell wall of plants
fine strands of cytoplasm pass through these
allows substance to move between connected cells

biology - core concepts (6 decks)

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