Structure of Neurons Flashcards
The nucleus contains the _____ and _____, necessary for the production of proteins within the cell.
nucleolus
chromosomes
The _____ produces ribosomes.
nucleolus
_____ are the subunits of a chromosome.
Genes
Genes induce the production of _____.
mRNA (messenger)
DNA is used to make _____.
RNA
RNA is used to make _____.
proteins
Ribosomes make proteins from _____.
amino acids
Ribosomes read the genetic information in the _____ and use it to create _____.
RNA
Proteins
Free ribosomes
Can move anywhere in the cytosol, but are excluded from the cell nucleus and other organelles.
Membrane-bound ribosomes are _____.
bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes _____. It is studded with _____.
proteins
ribosomes
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes _____ and _____, metabolizes _____ and ______, and regulates _____ concentration.
not test material
lipids steroids carbohydrates steroids calcium
The golgi apparatus is a factory in which _____ received from the ER are further processed and sorted for _____.
proteins
transport
Glycoprotein
Sugar + protein
Glycolipid
Lipids + protein
Mitochondria generates energy in the form of _____.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The ER and mitochondria have higher _____ levels compared with the cytoplasm.
Ca2+
The ER has _____ pharmacologically different Ca2+ stores, _____ of which are opened by physiological cellular events.
two
both
Mitochonria act as a slow Ca2+ _____.
buffer
The cytoskeleton provides a _____ for the cell.
structural framework
The cytoskeleton is responsible for _____.
cell movements
Actin filaments (microfilament)
Smallest (5nm diameter)
Two protein chains twined together like strands of pearls. Each “pearl” is an actin protein. Actin filaments are responsible for cellular movements.
Intermediate filaments (“neurofilaments” in neurons)
Indermediate in size (8-10nm diameter)
Very stable
Microtubules
add more info
Hollow tubes (20nm diameter) Used to transport materials within the cell
Anterograde transport
Transport away from the nucleus
Retrograde transport
Transport towards the nucleus
the cell membrane is a _____.
lipid bilayer
Neurons and glia cells are not stable entitites but rather a _____ _____ _____.
continuously
changing
environment
lipinds in the membrane are in a _____ phase.
liquid
Membrane proteins that are not bound to an anchoring cytoskeleton protein literally _____ in the membrane.
“swim”
Membrane proteins are being continuously _____, destroyed in the _____ and re-synthesized.
endocytized
lyosomes
The essence of nervous system function is _____ _____.
information transfer
