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Cellular Neuroscience > Grad Ch4-5 > Flashcards

Grad Ch4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Signaling within neurons requires _____.

A

active transporters

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2
Q

Ion gradients are created and maintained by _____.

A

active transporters

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3
Q

Changes in membrane ion permeability are created by _____.

A

ion channels

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4
Q

Ion channels are dependent on _____.

A

electrochemical properties

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5
Q

Ions move _____ through a pump than a channel.

A

slower

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6
Q

Ions move _____ through a channel than a pump.

A

faster

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7
Q

Ion pumps require _____ to function.

A

energy (ATP)

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8
Q

Movement of an ion through a pump is a _____ process.

A

active

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9
Q

The patch clamp technique measures _____.

A

current flowing through a single channel

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10
Q

The patch clamp technique allows for experimental control of the _____.

A

membrane voltage

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11
Q

Patch clamping uses _____ currents.

A

microscopic

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12
Q

Voltage clamping uses _____ currents.

A

macroscopic

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13
Q

The probability of a Na+ channel opening increases as the membrane is _____.

A

depolarized

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14
Q

Na+ channels have a mechanism for _____, where K+ channels do not.

A

inactivation

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15
Q

Alpha-toxins slow the _____ of an AP.

A

inactivation

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16
Q

Alpha-toxins _____ the AP.

A

prolong

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17
Q

Beta-toxins shift the _____ of Na+ channels

A

voltage dependece

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18
Q

Beta-toxins cause Na+ channels to open at _____ potentials.

A

more negative

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19
Q

Na+ channels that do not inactivate are targeted by _____.

A

opioids

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20
Q

K+ channels influence the _____ and _____ of the AP.

A

duration

rate

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21
Q

K+ channels influence _____ of a neuron (undershoot).

A

hyperpolarization

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22
Q

Cl- channels control _____ and influence the _____.

A

excitability

resting membrane potential

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23
Q

The most numerous channels are _____.

A

K+ channels

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24
Q

Nearly _____ K genes are now known.

A

100

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25
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels respond to _____.

A

chemical signals

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26
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels are _____ than voltage-gated ion channels.

A

not as selective

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27
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ and Ca++ consist of _____.

A

4 sets of 6 regions

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28
Q

Voltage-gated K+ channels span the membrane _____ times (typically).

A

6

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29
Q

The bacterial K+ channel has _____ subunits.

A

4

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30
Q

The K+ channel is selective for _____.

A

non-hydrated K+ ions

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31
Q

Voltage-gated K+ channels have a _____ and a _____ to link it to the channel.

A

beta-subunit

T1 domain

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32
Q

Active transporters work _____ their concentration gradients.

A

against

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33
Q

Neuronal transporters are classified in two ways:
_____
_____

A

ATPase pumps

ion exchangers/cotransporters

34
Q

Cotransporters work by transporting _____.

A

multiple ions in the same direction

35
Q

The Na+ gradient is ultimately dependent on the _____.

A

hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase pumps

36
Q

The Ca++ pump is responsible for moves _____.

A

Ca++ outside the cell

37
Q

PMCA

A

Plasma Membrane Ca++ pump

38
Q

SERCA

A

Stores Ca++ within the endoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

The Na+/Ca++ exchanger moves _____.

A

Ca++ outside the cell

40
Q

The Na+/H+ exchanger regulates _____.

A

intracellular pH

41
Q

If extracellular K+ is removed, the Na+/K+ pump _____.

A

fails to function

42
Q

The Na+/K+ pump contains _____ and _____.

A

alpha

beta subunits

43
Q

The alpha subunit of the NaK pump contains amino acids that bind _____, _____, _____, _____.

A

ATP
Na+
K+
Ouabain

44
Q

ATP is bound on the _____ side of the NaK pump

A

intracellular

45
Q

Ouabain is bound on the _____ side of the NaK pump

A

extracellular

46
Q

Ion flux of the Ca pump happens _____.

A

deep in the protein, away from the membane

47
Q

Gap junctions allow for _____ flow of electric current.

A

passive

48
Q

Gap junctions are composed of _____.

A

connexons

49
Q

A connexon is composed of _____.

A

6 connexin subunits

50
Q

A gap junction requires at least _____ connexons.

A

2

51
Q

Gap junctions allow for movement of _____, _____ and _____.

A

current
ions
large molecules

52
Q

Gap junctions allow for _____ of APs

A

synchronous firing

53
Q

Lowei’s experiment showed that _____.

A

electrical information can be transferred as via a chemical signal

54
Q

Neurotransmitter (3)

A

present in cleft
Ca++ dependent release
receptor for the molecule

55
Q

2 NT categories

A

Small-molecule

neuropeptides

56
Q

Small molecule NTs (9)

A 
ACh
Glu
GABA
Gly
DOPA
NE
EPI
5HTP
HA
57
Q

Neuropeptide NTs (5)

A 
ATP
Substance P
Endorphins
Enkalphins
Dynorphins
58
Q

Small-molecule NTs are synthesized _____.

A

within the presynaptic terminal

59
Q

Neuropeptides are synthesized _____.

A

in the soma

60
Q

Small-molecules mediate _____ synaptic functions

A

fast

61
Q

Large-molecules mediate _____ synaptic functions

A

slow

62
Q

small-molecule NTs require _____.

A

low-frequency activity

63
Q

large-molecule NTs require _____.

A

high-frequency activity

64
Q

Most small NTs are removed by _____.

A

reuptake to the presynaptic neuron

65
Q

An AP in a motor neuron results in a depolarization of the _____.

A

EPP

end-plate potential

66
Q

MEPP

A

Miniature end-plate potential

67
Q

Muscle contraction can be lowered by _____ or _____.

A

Curare

lowering extracellular Ca++

68
Q

Each vesicle contains _____ molecules of ACh.

A

10,000

69
Q

Endocytosis

A

recycling of the membrane of a vesicle

70
Q

Synapsin

A

a protein keeps vesicles tethered to the reserve pool

71
Q

Reserve vesicles are mobilized through _____ (by _____)

A

phosphorylation of synapsin

Ca++/CaMKII

72
Q

SNARE proteins are regulated by _____ and _____.

A

ATPase NSF

SNAPs

73
Q

_____ is found attached to the vesicle membrane.

A

Synaptobrevin

74
Q

_____ and _____ are primarily found on the plasma membrane.

A

synataxin

SNAP-25

75
Q

_____ binds Ca++ in vesicle release.

A

synaptotagmin

76
Q

_____ and _____ cleave SNARE proteins.

A

botox

tetanus

77
Q

_____ triggers NT release, resulting in pain and cramping.

A

alpha-latrotoxin

78
Q

Ionotropic receptors mediate _____ postsynaptic responses.

A

fast

79
Q

Metabotropic receptors mediate _____ postsynaptic responses.

A

slow

80
Q

EPC

A

End-plate current

81
Q

Channels opened by ACh are _____ to membrane voltage.

A

insensitive

Cellular Neuroscience (13 decks)

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