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C1 > STRUCTURE OF MATTER & ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY > Flashcards

STRUCTURE OF MATTER & ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element.

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2
Q

What are the fundamental particles of an atom?

A

Electron, proton, and neutron.

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3
Q

What does “atomos” mean?

A

Indivisible.

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4
Q

What are the four substances in the Greek atom?

A

Earth, water, air, and fire.

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5
Q

What are the four essences in the Greek atom?

A

Wet, dry, hot, and cold.

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6
Q

How many elements are identified?

A

112 (92 naturally occurring, 20 artificially produced).

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7
Q

Particles smaller than an atom.

A

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

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8
Q

Who proposed the “hook-and-eye” atomic model?

A

John Dalton (1808).

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9
Q

What did Dmitri Mendeleev create?

A

The first periodic table of elements.

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10
Q

What are alkali metals?

A

Group 1 elements, soft metals that react violently with water.

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11
Q

Group VII elements that combine with metals to form water-soluble salts.

A

halogens

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12
Q

What are noble gases?

A

Group VIII elements highly resistant to chemical reactions.

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13
Q

What is the Thomson atomic model?

A

Plum pudding model with electrons (negative charges) embedded in a positive mass.

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14
Q

Who investigated the properties of cathode rays?

A

J.J. Thomson in the 1890s.

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15
Q

Describes an atom with a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.

A

Rutherford atomic model

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16
Q

Who improved Rutherford’s atomic model?

A

Niels Bohr in 1913, proposing the miniature solar system model.

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17
Q

A theory describing atomic structure in detail.

A

quantum chromodynamics (QCD)

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18
Q

A device used to map the structure of atomic nuclei.

A

particle accelerator

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19
Q

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, composed of quarks and gluons.

A

nucleons

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20
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

9.1 x 10^31 kg

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21
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

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22
Q

Where are electrons located in an atom?

A

In the orbital shells.

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23
Q

What is the mass of a neutron in amu?

A

1.00867 amu.

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24
Q

Define atomic mass unit (amu).

A

The mass of a neutral atom, equivalent to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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25
Q

What does the atomic mass number represent?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

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26
Q

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

A

number of protons.

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27
Q

Define isotopes.

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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28
Q

What is centripetal force?

A

The center-seeking force that keeps electrons in orbit.

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29
Q

What is centrifugal force?

A

The outward force that causes electrons to travel away from the nucleus.

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30
Q

The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus.

A

electron binding energy

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31
Q

What are the primary constituents of x-ray tube targets?

A

Tungsten (W-74) and molybdenum (Mo-42).

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32
Q

Which elements are used as contrast agents?

A

Barium (Ba-56) and iodine (I-53).

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33
Q

What is ionization potential?

A

The energy (34 keV) needed to ionize tissue atoms.

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34
Q

What is the symbol for atomic number?

A

Z

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35
Q

What is the symbol for atomic mass number?

A

A

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36
Q

A group of atoms forming the smallest unit of a compound.

A

molecule

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37
Q

What percentage of the human body is water?

A

80%

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38
Q

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs.

A

covalent bond

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39
Q

A bond formed by the electrostatic force between ions.

A

ioninc bond

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40
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

The emission of particles and energy to achieve nuclear stability.

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41
Q

The process where unstable nuclei emit particles and energy, transforming into other atoms.

A

radioactive decay

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42
Q

Radioactive atoms with the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.

A

radioisotopes

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43
Q

What occurs during beta emission?

A

A neutron converts to a proton, increasing the atomic number by one.

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44
Q

What occurs during alpha emission?

A

The nucleus loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, reducing its mass by 4 amu.

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45
Q

What is radioactive half-life?

A

The time required for radioactivity to decrease to half its original value.

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46
Q

Half-life of iodine-131?

A

8 days

47
Q

Half-life of carbon-14?

A

5730 years.

48
Q

What is the primary difference between x-rays and gamma rays?

A

Their origin: x-rays from electron clouds, gamma rays from the nucleus.

49
Q

Define particulate radiation.

A

Radiation with mass, such as alpha and beta particles.

50
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

A helium nucleus consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

51
Q

What is the range of alpha particles in air?

A

1–10 cm.

52
Q

What is a beta particle?

A

A high-speed electron or positron emitted from the nucleus.

53
Q

What is the energy range of beta particles?

A

0–7 MeV.

54
Q

What is the energy of an x-ray photon?

A

0–25 MeV.

55
Q

Massless bundles of electromagnetic energy traveling at the speed of light.

A

photons

56
Q

What is the speed of light?

A

3x10^8 or 186,000 miles/s.

57
Q

Define electromagnetic energy.

A

Energy in the form of waves, such as x-rays, microwaves, and visible light.

58
Q

Who demonstrated the electric and magnetic properties of light?

A

James Clerk Maxwell.

59
Q

Half the range from crest to valley of a sine wave.

A

amplitude

60
Q

The distance between successive crests or valleys of a wave.

A

wavelength

61
Q

Define frequency.

A

The number of wave cycles passing a point per second.

62
Q

What is the unit of frequency?

A

Hertz

63
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

A

inversely proportional

64
Q

What is the visible light range in the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red).

65
Q

What is refraction?

A

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

66
Q

Infrared radiation that heats substances.

A

radiant heat

67
Q

Electromagnetic waves with long wavelengths and low energy, used in MRI.

A

radiofrequency

68
Q

What is the energy range of gamma rays?

A

0–5 MeV.

69
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

70
Q

What is Planck’s constant?

A

6.63 X 10^-34 Js

71
Q

Planck’s quantum equation?

A

E=hf, where E is energy, h is Planck’s constant, and f is frequency.

72
Q

What is the relationship between photon energy and frequency?

A

Directly proportional.

73
Q

The principle that electromagnetic energy exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.

A

wave-particle duality

74
Q

How does visible light behave?

A

like a wave

75
Q

How do x-rays behave?

A

like particles

76
Q

What is electromagnetic energy attenuation?

A

Reduction in intensity due to scattering and absorption.

77
Q

What is radiopaque material?

A

Material that absorbs x-rays, e.g., bones.

78
Q

What is radiolucent material?

A

Material that transmits x-rays, e.g., lung tissue.

79
Q

What are Grenz rays?

A

X-rays with energy between 10–20 kVp, used in medicine.

80
Q

What is orthovoltage radiation?

A

X-rays with energy between 200–300 kVp.

81
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed.

82
Q

What are the three regions of the electromagnetic spectrum important to radiology?

A

Visible light, x-ray, and radiofrequency regions.

83
Q

What is the significance of the x-ray region in radiology?

A

Fundamental to producing high-quality radiographs.

84
Q

What is the purpose of visible light in radiology?

A

Critical for viewing radiographic and fluoroscopic images.

85
Q

What is the range of radiofrequency used in MRI?

A

1–100 MHz.

86
Q

What is the unit of photon energy?

A

Electron volt (eV).

87
Q

What is the energy of x-rays produced in diagnostic imaging?

A

30–150 keV.

88
Q

What are diffraction x-rays used for?

A

Research.

89
Q

Define transparency in electromagnetic interactions.

A

No attenuation, e.g., clear window glass.

90
Q

Define translucency in electromagnetic interactions.

A

Partial attenuation, e.g., frosted glass.

91
Q

Define opacity in electromagnetic interactions.

A

Complete absorption, e.g., black glass.

92
Q

The graphical representation of electromagnetic wave variation.

A

sine wave

93
Q

What is the principal quantum number?

A

The shell number of an electron in an atom.

94
Q

What does a neutral atom contain?

A

Equal numbers of protons and electrons.

95
Q

What is the most significant isotope in human tissue?

A

carbon-12

96
Q

What is the primary source of natural radioisotopes?

A

Uranium (U-92).

97
Q

What is the primary artificially produced radioisotope in radiology?

A

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m).

98
Q

What is the decay product of technetium-99m?

A

Technetium-99.

99
Q

A continuum of electromagnetic energy arranged by frequency and wavelength.

A

electromagnetic spectrum.

100
Q

What is the frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

10^2 to 10^24 Hz

101
Q

What is the wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

10^7 to 10^-16 m

102
Q

Define diffraction x-rays.

A

X-rays with energy <10 keV used in research.

103
Q

What are superficial x-rays used for?

A

Medical applications, energy range 50–100 kVp.

104
Q

Define megavoltage radiation.

A

Radiation with energy >1 MV, used in medicine and industry.

105
Q

A positive beta particle (antimatter of an electron).

A

positron

106
Q

What is the ionization rate of alpha particles?

A

40,000 ion pairs/cm.

107
Q

What is the ionization rate of beta particles?

A

Several hundred ion pairs/cm.

108
Q

What is the ionization rate of x-rays?

A

100 ion pairs/cm.

109
Q

The smallest quantity of electromagnetic energy.

A

photon

110
Q

What is the range of x-rays in soft tissue?

A

0–30 cm.

111
Q

What is the mass of x-rays and gamma rays?

A

0

112
Q

What is a neutron’s charge?

A

Zero (neutral).

113
Q

A chart organizing elements by increasing atomic number.

A

periodic table

114
Q

What are the 4 abundant elements found in the human body

A

CHON

Carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

C1 (9 decks)

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