Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C1 > CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOLOGIC SCIENCE > Flashcards

CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOLOGIC SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are atoms?

A

The building blocks of matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence.

A

mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define weight.

A

The force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SI unit of energy?

A

Joules (J).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unit of energy used in radiology?

A

electron volt (eV).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ability to do work by virtue of position.

A

potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define kinetic energy.

A

The energy in motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The energy released by a chemical reaction.

A

chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The energy in motion at the molecular level.

A

thermal energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define nuclear energy.

A

The energy contained within the nucleus of an atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The type of energy used in x-rays.

A

electromagnetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the Theory of Relativity state?

A

Matter and energy are interchangeable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Formula for matter-energy equivalence?

A

E=mc².

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define radiation.

A

The energy emitted and transferred through space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Radiation emitted by the sun.

A

visible light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does “exposed” or “irradiated” mean?

A

Matter that intercepts and absorbs radiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of ionizing radiation?

A

X-rays, gamma rays, and UV light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The removal of an electron from an atom.

A

ionization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of particulate-type ionizing radiation?

A

Alpha and beta particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is required for a satisfactory x-ray beam?

A

High voltage and sufficient electric current.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is natural environmental radiation?

A

Radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial sources, and internally deposited radionuclides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Annual dose of natural environmental radiation?

A

300 mrem/year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Largest source of natural environmental radiation?

A

Radon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is man-made radiation?

A

Radiation from sources like diagnostic x-rays.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Annual dose of man-made radiation?

A

60 mrem/year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Largest source of man-made radiation?

A

Diagnostic x-rays (39 mrem/year).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

A

Wilhelm Roentgen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When were x-rays discovered?

A

November 8, 1895.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What material was used in Roentgen’s discovery?

A

Barium platinocyanide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is fluorescence?

A

Emission of visible light during stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Year Roentgen received the Nobel Prize?

A

1901

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who developed fluoroscopy?

A

Thomas A. Edison.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who was the first x-ray fatality?

A

Clarence Dally in 1904.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What did William Rollins demonstrate?

A

First application of collimation and filtration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Who introduced the Coolidge x-ray tube?

A

William D. Coolidge in 1913.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Who invented the stationary grid?

A

Gustav Bucky.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the Potter-Bucky grid?

A

A moving grid introduced in 1921.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Restricting the x-ray beam to reduce scatter and improve contrast.

A

collimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What material is commonly used for collimators?

A

Aluminum or copper.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Reduces x-ray exposure by more than 95%.

A

intensifying screen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Examples of protective apparel in radiology?

A

Lead-impregnated gloves and aprons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When should gonadal shielding be used?

A

With all persons of childbearing age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are protective barriers in radiology?

A

Lead-lined structures with leaded-glass windows.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Cardinal principles of radiation protection?

A

Time, distance, and shielding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Why avoid pelvic x-rays in pregnant patients during the first trimester?

A

To minimize radiation exposure to the fetus.

48
Q

What are the three base quantities in physics?

A

Mass, length, and time.

49
Q

What are secondary/derived quantities?

A

Combinations of one or more base quantities.

50
Q

SI unit of length?

A

meter (m)

51
Q

SI unit of mass?

A

kg

52
Q

SI unit of time

A

s

53
Q

Rate of change of position with time.

A

velocity

54
Q

Formula for velocity?

A

V= d/t

55
Q

SI unit of velocity?

A

Meters per second (m/s).

56
Q

Velocity of light?

A

3×10
8
m/s or 186,000 miles/s.

57
Q

Define acceleration.

A

The rate of change of velocity with time.

58
Q

SI unit of acceleration?

A

Meters per second squared (m/s²).

59
Q

The property of matter that resists a change in its state of motion.

A

inertia

60
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion?

A

A body at rest stays at rest, and a body in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

61
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

Force equals mass times acceleration (
𝐹
=
𝑚
𝑎
F=ma).

62
Q

SI unit of force?

A

Newton (N).

63
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion?

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

64
Q

Formula for weight?

A

Wt=mg

65
Q

Acceleration due to gravity (SI unit)?

A

9.9m/s^2

66
Q

The product of mass and velocity

A

momentum

67
Q

SI unit of momentum?

A

Kilogram meters per second (kg·m/s).

68
Q

Define work.

A

Force applied times the distance moved (
𝑊
=
𝐹
𝑑
W=Fd).

69
Q

SI unit of work?

A

joule

70
Q

The rate of doing work

A

power

71
Q

SI unit of power?

A

watt

72
Q

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

73
Q

What is heat?

A

The kinetic energy of random molecular motion.

74
Q

Unit of heat?

A

calorie

75
Q

Define calorie.

A

The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.

76
Q

Three ways of heat transfer?

A

Conduction, convection, and radiation.

77
Q

Heat transfer through a material by direct contact.

A

conduction

78
Q

Mechanical transfer of “hot” molecules in a gas or liquid.

A

convection

79
Q

What is thermal radiation?

A

Heat transfer by emission of infrared radiation.

80
Q

What are the temperature scales?

A

Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit.

81
Q

Formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

celsius = 5/9 (farenheit - 32)

82
Q

Formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A

farenheit = 9/5celsius + 32

83
Q

Formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?

A

K = celsius + 273

84
Q

What are cryogens?

A

Cooling agents used in MRI, such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium.

85
Q

What are radiologic quantities?

A

Exposure, dose, equivalent dose, and radioactivity.

86
Q

Unit of radiation exposure?

A

Roentgen (R) or air kerma (Gya).

87
Q

Unit of absorbed dose?

A

Rad or gray (Gyt).

88
Q

Unit of occupational radiation exposure?

A

Rem or sievert (Sv).

89
Q

Unit of radioactivity?

A

Curie (Ci) or becquerel (Bq).

90
Q

Define air kerma.

A

Energy transferred from radiation to air, measured in Gya.

91
Q

Define gray (Gyt).

A

Unit of absorbed dose;

1Gyt=100rad.

92
Q

Unit of equivalent dose, combining radiation type and biological effect.

A

sievert

93
Q

Define curie (Ci).

A

measure of radioactivity.
1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq

94
Q

Prefix for 10^9

A

Giga

95
Q

Define diagnostic radiology.

A

Imaging using x-rays to diagnose diseases.

96
Q

Diagnostic x-ray equivalencies?

A

1R=1rad=1rem=1mGya=1mGyt=1mSv.

97
Q

What is the Coolidge tube?

A

An x-ray tube introduced by William D. Coolidge in 1913.

98
Q

What is the Snook transformer?

A

An interrupterless transformer used in radiology.

99
Q

A natural radioactive gas and the largest source of environmental radiation

A

radon

100
Q

Who invented the moving grid?

A

Hollis potter

101
Q

A device combining stationary and moving grids for radiographic clarity.

A

Potter-Bucky grid

102
Q

Who developed fluoroscopy?

A

Thomas A. Edison

103
Q

Electron emission from a heated filament in an x-ray tube.

A

thermionic emission

104
Q

Define isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

105
Q

Reduction in x-ray intensity due to absorption and scattering.

A

attenuation

106
Q

What does MSCT stand for?

A

Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography.

107
Q

When was MRI accepted as a modality?

A

1980

108
Q

What is PET?

A

Positron Emission Tomography, developed in the 1970s.

109
Q

Define atomic mass unit (amu).

A

1amu≈1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

110
Q

Material that allows x-rays to pass through easily.

A

radiolucent

111
Q

Material that absorbs x-rays, appearing white on images.

A

radiopaque

112
Q

X-rays scattered back toward the source.

A

backscatter radiation

113
Q

An invisible image on film before it is processed.

A

latent image

114
Q

X-ray interaction causing a photon to lose energy and change direction.

A

compton scatterin

115
Q

What is photoelectric absorption?

A

Complete absorption of an x-ray photon by an atom.

116
Q

Define bremsstrahlung radiation.

A

Radiation produced when electrons decelerate near a nucleus.

117
Q

What is characteristic radiation?

A

X-rays produced when an inner-shell electron is ejected, and an outer electron fills its place.

C1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions