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Respiratory system > Structure of lungs > Flashcards

Structure of lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the cartilage that forms the trachea

A

C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

at what intervertebral discs does the trachea start and end?

A

C6 and T4/5

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3
Q

Which muscle alters the tracheal diameter?

A

trachealis muscle

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4
Q

Which lung are foreign bodies more likely to enter and why?

A

Right- due to the shape and size of the right bronchus (slightly more vertical, shorte and wider)

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5
Q

how many lobes do each of the lungs have?

A

left= 2, right=3

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6
Q

which arteries supply the bronchi with oxygenated blood?

A

bronchial arteries

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7
Q

how many (secondary) lobar brochi do each of the lungs have and name them

A

Left=2, left superior lobar bronchus and left inferior lobar bronchus
right=3, right superior lobar bronchus, right middle lobar bronchus and right inferior lobar bronchus.

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8
Q

what do the lobar bronchi divide into?

A

segmental bronchi

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9
Q

what do segmental bronchi divide into?

A

smaller and smaller branches eventually becoming conducting bronchioles, then terminal bronchioles and then respiratory bronchioles.

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10
Q

what do the respiratory bronchioles end in?

A

alveoli

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11
Q

Cells that form the epithelium of the trachea

A

pseudo-stratifies, ciliated, columnar epithelium, interspersed with goblet cells

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12
Q

how is the epithelium of the bronchi different to the trachea?

A

the height of cells is decreased (more flattened)

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13
Q

Volume of mucus produced each day?

A

1 litre

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14
Q

what are the c shaped cartilage rings replaced by as the bronchi branch into the lungs?

A

cartilage plates

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15
Q

Describe epithelium in bronchioles (not terminal or respiratory)

A

ciliated columnar (flatter columnar to those in bronchi)

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16
Q

is there muscle in the bronchioles?

A

yes there is a band of smooth muscle.

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17
Q

Are there cartilage and glands in the bronchioles?

A

no, instead the bronchiole is held open by surrounding lung tissue

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18
Q

what happens in the bronchiole during asthma?

A

the smooth muscle in the wall contracts which may excessively narrow the lumen. the lining of the airway also become swollen and inflamed, there may also be an increase in secretions.

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19
Q

Describe epithelium in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

A

non-ciliated cuboidal (even flatter) and not interspersed with goblet cells

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20
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

alveoli

21
Q

what separates one alveoli from the next?

A

septae

22
Q

describe septae

A

alveolar walls are thin membranes containing capillaries

23
Q

What is the air-blood barrier for gas exchange?

A

the septae

24
Q

what do you call the space between the layers of pleura?

A

pleural cavity

25
Q

whats in the pleural cavity? why is this needed?

A

lubricating fluid allows smooth gliding movements between the 2 pleura

26
Q

What are the pleura?

A

The membranes which line the lungs and the cavity walls

27
Q

name the 2 pleura

A

parietal pleura and visceral/pulmonary pleura

28
Q

describe the parietal pleura and how it is named

A

the membranes which line the cavity walls- depending on where the pleura is located, a different name is used (cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic)

29
Q

what do you call the pleura that covers the lungs?

A

visceral

30
Q

Are the parietal pleura and visceral pleura continuous with each other?

A

yes

31
Q

what separated the 2 lungs?

A

mediastinum

32
Q

in what ways are the 2 lungs different?

A 
right= 3 lobes, left = 2 lobes
left = longer and narrower
33
Q

why is the left lung longer and narrower than the right?

A

makes room for heart and pericardium

34
Q

describe the hilum

A

the ‘root of the lung’, whereby the main brochus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins pass into and out of the lung

35
Q

what brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

36
Q

what carried oxygenated blood away from the lungs?

A

pulmonary vein

37
Q

via what is the lung lymph drainage?

A

the sub-pleural plexus and a plexus alongside the bronchi to hilar lymph nodes

38
Q

why is the right lung shorter than the left?

A

the right dome of the diaphragm is higher on the right than on the left

39
Q

which structures are above the clavicle?

A

the apex of the lungs and apex of the pleura

40
Q

how many rib spaces higher do the lungs end before the pleura?

A

2

41
Q

what do the external intercostal muscles do and when?

A

When the external intercostal muscles contract during inhalation , the bring the ribs (and sternum)outwards and upwards

42
Q

what do the internal intercostal muscle do?

A

they contract and depress the ribs (pulling them further inwards and downwards) during deep expiration

43
Q

describe the structure of the diaphragm in regards to muscle and tendon

A

muscular at its periphery but tendinous centrally

44
Q

which nerve is in charge of motor and sensory supply?

A 
phrenic nerve (c3,4,5)
(c3,4 and 5 keep the diaphragm alive)
45
Q

during expiration describe the change in intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure

A

the intrathoracic pressure decreases (become negative), the intraabdominal presure increases

46
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

When air enters the pleural cavity. Results in a collapsed lung.

47
Q

how do you treat pneumothorax (collapsed lung)?

A

a needle is inserted just above the rib to avoid damage to the neurovascular bundle that runs just inferior to each rib to remove the air from the pleural cavity to allow the lung to expand again

48
Q

what runs just inferior to each rib?

A

a neurovascular bundle

Respiratory system (2 decks)

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