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Respiratory system > Structure of airway > Flashcards

Structure of airway Flashcards

1
Q

describe inhalation

A
  1. Contaction of intercostal muscles brings rib cage upwards and outwards
  2. contraction of diaphragm which brings it downwards
  3. This creates a negative intra-thoracic pressure that sucks air into the lungs through the conductive passages.
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2
Q

describe expiration

A

intercostal muscle relax and rib cage moves downwards and inwards, diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards. The volume of the thorax decreases and the pressure increases. This forces air out of the lungs

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3
Q

is expiration usually passive?

A

yes

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4
Q

though what body part do you enter the nasal cavity?

A

Via the nares (sing. naris)

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5
Q

What holds the nasal cavities open?

A

Bone and cartilage

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6
Q

What cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar, interspersed with goblet cells

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7
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

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8
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

midline structure which separates the left and right nasal cavities

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9
Q

what is the anterior of the nasal septum made of?

A

septal cartilage

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10
Q

what is the posterior of the nasal septum made of?

A

bone

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11
Q

what may be compromised if the nasal septum is deviated from the midline?

A

sinus drainage

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12
Q

what 3 things must happen to incoming air in the nasal cavity?

A

filtered, humidified and warmed

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13
Q

where are the conchae found?

A

on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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14
Q

how many conchae are on each lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

3 (superior, middle and inferior)

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15
Q

What do conchae do?

A

They increase the turbulence of the air, increases surface area for warming the air

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16
Q

what do you find lateral to each concha?

A

a meatus

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17
Q

What are meati important?

A

they are entrance points into the sinuses

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18
Q

point of sinuses

A

Large voids (increase SA) where air can be warmed, filtered, also important to make the skull lighter

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19
Q

What is clearance of mucus in the maxillary sinus dependent on?

A

Ciliary action

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20
Q

Which duct drains tears from conjunctiva of eye to nasal cavity?

A

nasolacrimal duct

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21
Q

Why is epistaxis common?

A

The nasal cavity is highly vascularised

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22
Q

what is epistaxis?

A

nosebleed

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23
Q

name of bulb and nerves for the sense of smell. where are they located?

A

olfactory bulb, olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium. Located on roof and upper parts of lateral wall of nasal cavity

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24
Q

Name 3 parts of pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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25
Q

What separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?

A

soft palete

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26
Q

what does the oropharynx transport?

A

air plus food and fluid

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27
Q

which part of the pharynx lies behind the oral cavity?

A

oropharynx

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28
Q

which part of the pharynx lies behind the nasal cavity?

A

nasopharynx

29
Q

which part of the pharynx lie behind the larynx?

A

laryngopharynx

30
Q

describe the structure of the pharynx

A

a tube of muscular and fibrous tissue

31
Q

What section of the pharynx transports only air?

A

nasopharynx

32
Q

what does the oropharynx transport ?

A

air plus food and fluid

33
Q

what travels down the laryngopharynx?

A

food and fluid

34
Q

what does the the larynx transport?

A

air

35
Q

what do the laryngeal diameters do?

A

They allow the passage of air only and control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure.

36
Q

what is the structure/opening that connects the pharynx to the larynx?

A

laryngeal inlet

37
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

It prevents food and liquid going into the larynx

38
Q

when do you want to raise intra-abdominal pressure?

A

when you want to pee or poo

39
Q

What are the main cartilages in the larynx?

A

Thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid

40
Q

name the bone in the larynx

A

hyoid

41
Q

what sit on the cricoid?

A

arytenoids (cartilages)

42
Q

what sit on arytenoid?

A

corniculates (cartilages)

43
Q

what sit on corniculates?

A

cuneiform (cartilages

44
Q

what attach to the arytenoids?

A

vocal chords

45
Q

what membrane can be broken ignorer to give access to the airway?

A

cricothyroid membrane

46
Q

What structure helps to close the epiglottis?

A

Ary-epiglotic fold

47
Q

Where is the vocal fold situated?

A

upper edge of the cricovocal membrane

48
Q

where is the aryepiglottic fold situated?

A

upper edge of the quadrangular membrane

49
Q

where is the vestibular fold situated?

A

lower edge of the quadrangular membrane

50
Q

what folds for the laryngeal inlet?

A

aryepiglottic folds

51
Q

how does the laryngeal inlet close?

A

the larynx is lifted up and forward by muscles in the aryepiglottic folds darning swallowing

52
Q

where are the mucosal glands which help lubricate the vocal folds?

A

the saccule

53
Q

What do the vocal folds control the laryngeal diameter for?

A

speech, coughing, sneezing and raising the intra-abdominal pressure

54
Q

Why might you need to increase the intra-abdominal pressure?

A

for defecation and lifting heavy objects

55
Q

what is the area where the vocal chords are located ie the middle part of the larynx called?

A

rima glottidis

56
Q

Name the 3 main actions of the laryngeal muscles

A
  1. close/open the laryngeal inlet (Ary-epiglottic folds)
  2. shorten/ lengthen vocal chords
  3. close/open the rime glottidis
    (arytenoid gliding and rotation)
57
Q

what does the posterior cricoid-arytenoid muscle do?

A

opens the rima glottidis

58
Q

how many muscles does the laryngeal nerve supply?

A

1

59
Q

Which nerve is involved in sensation above the vocal chords?

A

superior laryngeal nerve

60
Q

Which nerve supplies all but 1 muscle in the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (which has two parts- left and right)

61
Q

where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve control sensation?

A

below the vocal chords

62
Q

when are laryngeal nerves at risk?

A

thyroid surgery

63
Q

is the trachea anterior to the oesophagus?

A

yes

64
Q

is the trachea lateral to the carotid arteries?

A

no

65
Q

is the trachea superior to the larynx?

A

no

66
Q

does the thyroid gland surround the upper portion if the trachea?

A

yes

67
Q

what 3 bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontonasal

68
Q

what is the epiglottis made of?

A

elastic cartilage

69
Q

what forms the protective sphincter between the pharynx and the larynx?

A

laryngeal inlet

Respiratory system (2 decks)

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