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MCM DSA - Designated Study Assignments > Structure of carbohydrates and introduction to metabolism > Flashcards

Structure of carbohydrates and introduction to metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

“keto” or “aldo” in carbohydrate nomenclature

A

Ketose- Ketone on its most oxidized end

Aldose- Aldehyde on its most oxidized end

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2
Q

single monomer in a carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide

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3
Q

double monomers in a carbohydrate

A

Disaccharide

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4
Q

3-10 monomers in a carbohydrate

A

Oligosaccharide

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5
Q

greater than 10 monomers in a carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharide

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6
Q

Linkages between carbohydrate sugars

A

Glycosidic bond (covalent linkage)

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7
Q

Chair conformation is the most _____ conformation regarding _____

A

Stable

Hexose rings

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8
Q

Axial vs equatorial

A

Axial- stick straight down

Equatorial- project outward form the ring (most stable position for larger groups)

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9
Q

Three key monosaccharides: common names and their nomenclature

A

Glucose (aldohexose), fructose (ketohexose), galactose (aldoheose)

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10
Q

Sugar that is crucial to nicleic acid synthesis, common name and nomenclature

A

Ribose (aldopentose)

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11
Q

In human metabolism, most sugars exist as which form of optical isomer?

A

D form

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12
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + glucose

α-linkage

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13
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose + glucose

β-linkage

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14
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

α-, β-linkage

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15
Q

Scurvy is caused by

A

Prolonged Vitamin C deficiency

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16
Q

Sugar acids

A 
Monosaccharide derivate
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - required for collagen synthesis
glucuronic acid - reacts with bilirubin in the liver, forming conjugated bilirubin, also major component of GAGs which make up extracellular envt
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17
Q

Deoxy sugars

A

Monosaccharide derivate

ie, Deoxyribose

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18
Q

Sugar alcohols

A

Monosaccharide derivate

Glycerol - derived from hydrolysis of triacylglycerol, makes glycerol phosohate
Sorbitol - excess results in damage to the lens
Galactitol - contributes to cataract formation

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19
Q

Amino sugars

A

Monosaccharide derivate

Replacement of hydroxyl group with an amino group

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20
Q

Sugar esters

A

Monosaccharide derivate

Glycosidic linkage with sulfate or phosphate

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21
Q

Glycosylation

A

Monosaccharide derivate

Sugar aldehyde with amino group in an irreversible bond

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22
Q

Fructose intolerance

A

Leads to hypoglycemia

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23
Q

Hereditary galactosemia

A

failure to metabolize galactose leads to cataracts

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24
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Oligosaccharide + protein

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25
Q

Glycolipids

A

Oligosaccharide + lipid

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26
Q

Proteoglycan

A

glycosaminoglycan + protein

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27
Q

Exapmles of polysaccharide

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

(polymers of glucose)

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28
Q

Linkages in glycogen:

A

α-1,4 with branches formed by α-1,6

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29
Q

Enzyme that releases glucose subunits in glycogen

A

Gycogen phophorylase

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30
Q

Starch is metabolized by which human enzyme

A

Amylase

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31
Q

Cellulose is digested by which human enzyme

A

None. It can not be digested. It is an important source of fiber

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32
Q

Ex of a negatively charged polysaccharide:

Which is an important component in ______

A

Hyaularonic acid

Extracellular matrix

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33
Q

Carbon from macronutrients is ____ to:

A

oxidized, CO2

34
Q

O2 is ___ to ____ in metabolism

A

reduced, H2O

35
Q

Major energy producing pathways:

A

Glycolysis
Fatty acid oxidation
TCA/krebs cycle

36
Q

Carbohydrates enter major energy producing pathways as:

A

Glucose and fructose

37
Q

Lipids enter major energy producing pathways as:

A

Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA

38
Q

High energy bonds present on ATP

A

Phosphate anhydride

39
Q

Two mechanisms cells use to produce ATP:

A 
Substrate level phosphorylation (produces 2 ATP)
Oxidative phosphorylation (produces ~36 ATP)
40
Q

Major electron acceptors in energy-producing pathways

A

FAD, NAD+

41
Q

Major e- donors in energy-producing pathways

A

FADH2, NADH

42
Q

NADH transfers _____ e- and yields ___ ATP

A

2 e-

2.5 ATP

43
Q

FADH/FADH2 transfers _____ e- and yields ___ ATP

A

1/2 e-

1.5 ATP

44
Q

Role of NADPH

A

NADP+ is reduced to NADPH

NADPH is used in biosynthetic and antioxidant defense systems, not typical ATP production

45
Q

Role of phosphocreatine

A

Converts ADP to ATP

Has a high energy phosphate bond

46
Q

When ATP synthesis exceeds immediate needs in skeletal muscle tissue:

A

creatine –> phosphocreatine

47
Q

When energy is needed in skeletal muscle tissue:

A

phosphocreatine –> creatine

48
Q

Enzyme(s) assoicated with phosphocreatine

A

Enzyme creatine kinase (CK) or creatine phosphokinase (CPK) phosphorylate creatine reversibly

49
Q

Activated carrier with EX

A

A molecule that can donate a chemical group to another molecule in an energetically favorable process

EX:
ATP; phosphoryl transfer
Co-A; acyl group transfer
SAM; methy group transfer

50
Q

Catabolic stages

A
  1. break down of molecules to small building blocks by digestive enzymes
  2. Formation of Acetyl CoA via degradation
  3. Oxidation of Acetly CoA in the CAC and production of ATP through ETC
51
Q

Mitochondrial matrix:

A

Production of Acetyl CoA
TCA cycle
β-oxidation of fatty acids
Ketogenesis

52
Q

Inner memebrane of mitochondria:

A

Oxidative phosphorylation, ETC

53
Q

Cystosol:

A 
Glycolysis 
Glycogenesis
Glygenolysis 
Pentose phosphate shunt 
Fatty acid synthesis
54
Q

Smooth ER:

A

Steroid synthesis

55
Q

Rough ER:

A

Protein synthesis

56
Q

Mitochondria and cytosol:

A

Gluconeogenesis, Urea cycle and heme biosynthesis

57
Q

Nucleus and mitochondria:

A

DNA and RNA synthesis

58
Q

Enzyme class which hydrolyzes chemical bonds:

A

Hydrolase

59
Q

Enzyme class which rearranges bonds with in a molecule:

A

Isomerase

60
Q

Enzyme class which forms a chemical bond

A

Ligase

61
Q

Enzyme class which breaks chemical bonds by means other than oxidation or hydrolysis

A

Lyase

62
Q

Enzyme class which transfers phosphate group for a high energy carrying molecule

A

Kinase

63
Q

Enzyme class which runs redox reactions

A

Oxidoreductase

64
Q

Enzyme class which partakes in polymerization

A

Polymerase

65
Q

Enzyme class which removes a phosphate group from a molecule

A

Phosphatase

66
Q

Enzyme class which transfers a phosphate group to a molecule form inorganic phosphate

A

Phosphorylase

67
Q

Enzyme class which hydrolyzes peptide bonds

A

Protease

68
Q

Enzymes that are physically associated to prevent metabolic intermediates from diffusing away

A

Metabolon

69
Q

Isomer

A

Same chemical formula with different spatial arrangement

Enantiomers: mirror images
Epimers: differ at one stereocenter

70
Q

Carbohydrate molecular formula

A

Cn(H2O)n

71
Q

Mannose, glucose and fructose are _____

A

Epimers

72
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a major component of:

A

The extracellular matrix

73
Q

Rate determining enzyme in glycolysis

A

PFK-1

74
Q

Rate determining enzyme in Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

75
Q

Rate determining enzyme in TCA cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

76
Q

NADPH is crucial in:

A

Anabolic processes (synthesis of lipids)
Respiratory burst
Cyt P-450
Glutathione reductase

77
Q

Rate determining enzyme in glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

78
Q

Rate determining enzyme in glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

79
Q

Rate determining enzyme in HMP shunt

A

G6PD

80
Q

Primary vs secondary lactose intolerance

A

1 - born with a genetic deficiency of lactase enzyme

2- age-dependent loss of enzyme

MCM DSA - Designated Study Assignments (3 decks)

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