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Physiological psychology > Structure & Function Of The Human Nervous System > Flashcards

Structure & Function Of The Human Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Human Nervous System

A

Evolved over 2.74 million years
Adaptation to the external environment

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2
Q

Division of human nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS): up & down
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): in & out

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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

A. Brain
B. Spinal cord

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4
Q

Brain

A
  1. Forebrain
    Telencephalon
    Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
    Mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain
    Metencephalon
    Myelencephalon
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5
Q

Spinal cord

A
  1. Three ascending pathways (tracts)
  2. Three descending pathways (tracts)
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6
Q

Brain anatomy

A

2 hemispheres
4 lobes (gyri)
4 ventricles
1 corpus callosum
1400 gms (male) 1300 gms (female)
Brain/body ratio 1:60

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7
Q

Spinal cord anatomy

A

44 cm (18 inches) long
1 cm (half inch) wide
1 once weight
A hollow, fluid field cylinder
Somatosensory; motor tracts

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

A. Somatic nervous system (SNS)
1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves
a. 8 cervical
b.12 thoracic
c.5 lumbar
d.5 sacral
e.1coccygeal
3. N peripheral nerves

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
    a. Thoracolumbar origins
    b. Andrenergic fibers
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system
    a. Craniosacral origins
    b. Cholinergic fibers
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10
Q

Protection & nourishment of the nervous system

A

Protection bones (living tissues)

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11
Q

Cranium (skull)

A
  1. 1200-1500 cc
  2. Separate plates at birth; fuse overtime
  3. One foramen magnum
  4. Numerous foramina
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12
Q

Vertebrae

A

26 separate segments

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13
Q

Meninges (3 layers)

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid layer
  3. Pia mater
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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  1. Produced in ventricles (4)
  2. Clear fluid (plasma)
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15
Q

Carotid arteries: 2 external & 2 internal

A
  1. Anterior cerebral artery ( ACA)
  2. Media cerebral artery (MCA)
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16
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

2 internal

  1. Basilar artery
  2. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
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17
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Found at the base of the brain

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18
Q

Veins

A
  1. Accompany arteries
  2. Empty into spaces called sinuses
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19
Q

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

A
  1. Filtering system; capillaries aka arterioles
  2. Safeguards brains chemistry
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20
Q

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) strokes

A
  1. Hemorrhage-bleeding outside A/V
    a. Epidural
    b. Subarachnoid
  2. Occlusion-blockage (ischemia)
    a. Thrombotic
    b. Embolic
  3. Aneurysm- localized ballooning of A/V
    Expands-crush cells to death
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21
Q

Cerebrum (central nervous system)

A
  1. 2 hemispheres;4 lobes
  2. 52 areas (Brodmann)
  3. 2 fissures (Rolando, Sylvian, Medial longitudinal)
  4. Multiple gyri
    1 corpus callosum
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22
Q

Lobes

A
  1. Frontal lobe (with prefrontal): Motor
  2. Parietal lobe: somatosensory
  3. Temporal lobe: auditory & memory
  4. Primary & secondary ( association) cortex
  5. 52 distintic areas
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23
Q

Brain stem-below cerebrum

A
  1. Medulla oblongata: control vitals signs
  2. Pons bridge cerebrum
  3. Midbrain: getaway to consciousness
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24
Q

Cerebellum (behind brain stem)

A

Controls balance
1. Paired hemispheres, folia, 3 layers
2. Cortex (gray) & medulla (white)
3. Coordinates complex movements

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25
Q

Forebrain

A

A. Telencephalon
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Basal ganglia
3. Limbic system

B. Diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Sub-thalamus

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26
Q

Midbrain

A

A. Mesencephalon
1. Tectum
2. Tegmentum
3. Peduncles

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27
Q

Hindbrain

A

A. Metencephalon
1. Cerebellum
2. Pons

B. Mylencephalon
1. Medulla oblongata

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28
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Three areas of function
1. Primary sensory
2. Primary motor
3. Secondary, association, projection
52 succinct areas (Brodmann,1909)
6 layers aka laminations

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29
Q

Motor areas # 4

A

A. Primary motor-voluntary movement
1. Locus of epilepsy
2. Contralateral
3. Flaccid paralysis
4. Babinski
5. Upper motor neuron pathway

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30
Q

Motor areas # 6

A

B. Premotor area
1. Extrapyramidal
2. More complex motor skills
3. Spastic paralysis
4. Apraxia (can’t move)

31
Q

Motor areas # 8

A

Frontal eye field
1. Voluntary eye movement
2. Nystagmus

32
Q

Frontal association areas

A

9, #10, #11

  1. Abstract thinking-executive functions
  2. Social inhibition & supression
  3. General paresis (syphilis)
  4. Phineas gage case
  5. Psychosurgery: lobotomy, lobectomy, leukotomy
33
Q

Primary sensory areas

A

A. # 17 primary visual area-sight
B. # 41 & # 42 primary auditory area-hearing
C. # 3, # 1, # 2 primary somesthetic area
1. Touch, pressure, position-contralateral
2. Pain temperature-ipsilateral
D. Lesion: dysfunction (blindness, deafness)

34
Q

Sensory association areas

A

A. Visual areas: # 18,#19 recognition-agnosia
B. Auditory area # 22 tone deafness
C. Somesthetic: # 40 astereognosis (don’t know what is feeling)
# 39 reading & writing/ alexia, agraphia (can’t write) dyslexia
D. Lesion=sensory neglect

35
Q

Aphasia-language

A

Left hemisphere
1. Motor-expressive: areas #44 & #45
Broca’s aphasia
2. Auditory-receptive: area #22 (don’t understand language)
Wernicke’s aphasia
3. Nominal, anomic, amnesic aphasia
Lesion between Broca & Wernicke

36
Q

Basal ganglia (telencephalon)

A

Base of the cortex (emotions)
1. Claustrum
2. Corpus
3. Corpus striatum
a. Caudate nucleus
b. Lenticular nucleus
globus pallidus
putamen

37
Q

Basal ganglia: extrapiramidal w/ vestibular system & cerebellum

A

Coordination of movements
Contralateral coordination

38
Q

Basal ganglia disorders

A
  1. Parkinson’s disease
  2. Choreas (body tic)
  3. Athetosis (fingers become like worms)
    4.Ballismus (arms fly up)
  4. Obstinate progression (can’t stop walking)
39
Q

Basal Ganglia disorders

A
  1. Parkinson’s aka paralysis agitans: resting tremor, muscle tonus, rigidity
  2. Types of choreas
    A. Huntingtons: jerky involuntary movements, inherited,terminal
    B. Sydenhams: rheumatic fever sequelae
    C. Hemichorea: vascular lesion in basal ganglia (half body jerks)
  3. Athetosis: worm like finger movements w/spastic paralysis
  4. Ballismus: movement of the arms (up)
  5. Obstinate progression: inability to stop initiated movement (caudate nucleus damage)
40
Q

Limbic system

A

A. Primary structures
1. Amygdala
2.Hippocampus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Cingulate gyrus
5. Parts of the thalamus

41
Q

Limbic system: primary functions

A
  1. Motivation
  2. Emotion
  3. Learning and memory
42
Q

Location: limbic system

A

Subcortical structures meet cereberal cortex

43
Q

Diencephalon: principle structures

A

A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Epi/sub thalamus

44
Q

Diencephalon: principle functions

A

A. Integration and correlation of sensory data
B. Interconnected nuclei
1. Relay
2. Association
3. Diffuse projecting

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A. Regions
1. Supraoptic
2. Tuberal
3. Mammillary
B. ANS control
1. Top-parasympathetic
2. Bottom-sympathetic
C. Pituitary gland control: 1. HHPS: hypothalamic,hypophyseal portal system
2.Endocrine release
3. 50 % hormonal control of the body

46
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  1. Tectum (top) dorsal surface: corpora quadrigemina
  2. Tegmentum (middle) medial surface: red nucleus, substantia nigra
  3. Peduncles (bottom) ventral surface: basis pendunculi
47
Q

Metencephalon

A
  1. Pons (pons varolli)
    A. Connection to cerebellum
    B. Connections to midbrain
  2. Cerebellum (3 lobes)
    A. Archicerebellum (oldest)
    B. Paleo-cerebellum
    C. Neo-cerebellum (newest)
    D. Muscular synergy/asenergy
48
Q

Cerebellar disorders

A
  1. Ataxia-disturbances of gait 2. Eye hand decomposition
  2. Dysmetria- past pointing 4. Dysdiadochokinesia-tap right/tap left
  3. Hypotonia decreased muscle tone 6. Asthenia- muscular weakness
  4. Intention tremor 8. Nystagmus
  5. Scanning speech 10. CB control ipsilateral
49
Q

The spinal cord

A
  1. Continuous with brain at foramen magnum
  2. Protected by 26 vertebrae
  3. Hollow fluid filled cylinder
  4. 18 inches (44 cm) in length
  5. Half inch (1 cm) in width
  6. Dural sac w/ paired lateral septa (Pia)
50
Q

Spinal cord structures

A

A. Afferent-sensory-dorsal roots
1. Enter SC laterally&posteriorly
2. Carry somatosensory info IN&UP
B. Efferent motor-ventral roots 1. Enter SC laterally&anteriorly
2. Carry motor info DOWN&OUT

51
Q

Anterior spinal artery

A
  1. Becomes Basilar artery then PCA
  2. W/ in anterior median fissure
52
Q

Transverse section

A
  1. Gray (nonmyelin)H inside
  2. White (Myelin) surround outside H (up and down)
  3. Dorsal (back)& ventral (front) horns (in and out)
53
Q

Spinal tracks

A
  1. 3 ascending somatosensory tracks
  2. 3 descending motor tracts
  3. 1 central canal ( non continuous in adults)
  4. Upper motor neuron UMN path
54
Q

Reflexes

A
  1. Simple circuit: in-across-out
  2. Sensory-association-motor-circuit
55
Q

Reflexes classification type 1

A
  1. Superficial (skin, mucus)
  2. Deep (muscular)
  3. Visceral (organs)
  4. Pathologic (abnormal) babinski: something is wrong with the nervous system
56
Q

Reflexes classification type 2

A
  1. Location
  2. Function
57
Q

Descending spinal tracts (motor)

A

A. Corticospinal (pyramid tract)
1. Area 4 down SC out to the muscles UMN
LMN-out SC to muscles
2. Control of all voluntary movement
B.Reticulospinal (tectospinal)
1.Tectum to SC
C. Rubrospinal (descending:motro:unconsious)
1. Red nucleus to SC
2. UC muscle coordination

58
Q

Ascending spinal tracts (somatosensory)

A

A. Spinocerebellar
1.SC to cerebellum
2. UC muscle coordination
B. Spinothalamic
1. SC to thalamus
2. UC muscle coordination
C. Fasciculus gracilis&fasciculus cuneatus
1. SC to cortical areas 3,2,1
2. Touch, pressure, body movement

59
Q

Lesions of the spinal cord

A

A. Lesions of the posterior sensory roots
1. Tabes dorsalis (neurosyphilis) can not walk
a. Dorsal root nerves&motor tracts
b. Sharp pain, paresthesia, poor gait

60
Q

Lesions of the anterior motor horns

A
  1. Poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis)
    A. Paralysis, flaccidity, deformity
  2. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS
    A. Lou Gehrig’s disease-fatal
    B. Destruction of anterior gray horn&pyramidal tracts
    C. Presents initially as paresis (weakness) then progresses to atrophy then to spastic paralysis
61
Q

Lesions of the gray matter of the SC

A
  1. Syringomyelia-softening around central canal
    A. Sensory dissociation initially
    B. Muscular paralysis&atrophy
  2. Subacute combined degeneration
    A. Sensory neglect&motor weakness
62
Q

Additional lesions of the SC

A
  1. Thrombosis of anterior spinal artery
    A. Loss of pain, temperature
    B. Spastic paralysis
  2. Hemi-section of SC
    A. Brown-square syndrome
    B. Knife, bullet wound to SC
63
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  1. 2 division: somatic&autonomic
  2. All nerves outside CNS
  3. 3 levels classification
64
Q

Autonomic nervous system ANS

A

A. Sympathetic division (Thoracolumbar)
B. Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)

65
Q

Somatic nervous system SNS

A

A. 12 pairs cranial nerves
B. 31 pairs spinal nerves
C. 31 pairs of ventral spinal roots
D. 31 pairs of dorsal spinal roots
E. N of peripheral nerve branches
F. 37 plexuses

66
Q

3 level classification

A

A. Evolutionary
1. Specialized
2. Generalized
B. Location
1. Somatic
2. Visceral
C. Type
1. Afferent (sensory)
2. Efferent (motor)

67
Q

Nomenclature (peripheral nervous system)

A
  1. Nerve-bundles of axons in PNS
  2. Tracts-bundles of axons in CNS
  3. Ganglia-groups of cell bodies in PNS
  4. Nuclei-groups of cell bodies in CNS
  5. Cranial nerves-in/out brain
  6. Spinal nerves-in/out spinal cord
  7. Plexuses-tangles of peripheral nerves
68
Q

Cranial nerves (control senses)

A

A. Types: sensory,motor, mixed (both)
B. 12 pairs
C. Locations: peripheral receptors to the brain
D. Function: survival/adaptation to external environment

69
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  1. ON: olfactory: smells 2. OLD: optic: sees
  2. OLYMPUS: oculomotor: move eyes and constrict pupils 4. TOWERING: trochlear: moves eyes
  3. TOP: trigeminal: feels face: chews 6. A: abducens: move eyes
  4. FINN: facial: moves face, tastes 8. AND: acoustic: hear
  5. GERMAN: gloosopharyngeal: taste, swallows 10. VIEWED: vagus: swallos, talk
  6. SOME: spinal accessory: moves head and shoulders. 12. HOPPS: hypoglossal: moves tounge
70
Q

UMN to LMN pathways

A
  1. Spinal tracts: ascending/descending
  2. Spinal roots: dorsal/ventral
  3. Spinal nerves: sensory/motor
  4. Rami: dorsal(sensory)/ ventral(motor)
  5. Plexuses (tangles)
  6. Peripheral nerves
    7: dermatomes: segmented over the entire body (map of the spinal nerves)
  7. Integumentary sensorium: free nerve endings, Markel’s discs, Meissners corpuscles, Ruffinis organ, pacinian corpuscles, Krause bulb, hair ending plexuses
71
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  1. ANS=GVE(motor) fibers only
  2. Hypothalamus control of ANS
  3. Neuron chain: pre-glanglionic and post ganglionic fibers
  4. 2 spinal origins: crania-sacral regions vs Thoracolumbar regions
72
Q

Sympathetic division

A
  1. Thoracolumbar-lumbar origins
  2. Pre-ganglionic fibers short: post ganglionic fibers long
  3. Excitatory commands
  4. Andrenergic chemical compounds
73
Q

Parasympathetic divisions

A
  1. Cranial-sacral origins
  2. Pre-ganglionic long: post-ganglionic short
  3. Inhibitory commands
  4. Cholinergic chemical compounds
74
Q

Sympathetic functions

A
  1. Vaso-contrictor: increase BP,HR
  2. Vaso-dialator:bronchioles. Coronary arteries
  3. Inner age adrenals: fight or flight
  4. Surgical manipulation: sympathectomy raynaunds disease

Physiological psychology (2 decks)

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